Julia Agrippina MINOR, II

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• FamilySearch ID: LK62-7Q8
• Name: Agrippina MINOR "THE YOUNGER"
• _UID: C352E284E38548CF8D7015EC6ED06CDD7FEF
• TitleOfNobility: Between 49 and 54, Roma, Roman Empire; Empress of the Roman Empire

Notes:

Agrippina and Claudius married on New Year's Day, 49. This marriage caused widespread disapproval. This was a part of Agrippina's scheming plan to make her son Lucius the new emperor. Her marriage to Claudius was not based on love, but on power. She quickly eliminated her rival Lollia Paulina. Shortly after marrying Claudius, Agrippina persuaded the emperor to charge Paulina with black magic. Claudius stipulated that Paulina did not receive a hearing and her property was confiscated. She left Italy, but Agrippina was unsatisfied. Allegedly on Agrippina's orders, Paulina committed suicide.

In the months leading up to her marriage to Claudius, Agrippina's maternal second cousin, the praetor Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, was betrothed to Claudius' daughter Claudia Octavia. This betrothal was broken off in 48, when Agrippina, scheming with the consul Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the father of the future emperor Aulus Vitellius, falsely accused Silanus of incest with his sister Junia Calvina. Agrippina did this hoping to secure a marriage between Octavia and her son. Consequently, Claudius broke off the engagement and forced Silanus to resign from public office.

Silanus committed suicide on the day that Agrippina married her uncle, and Calvina was exiled from Italy in early 49. Calvina was called back from exile after the death of Agrippina. Towards the end of 54, Agrippina would order the murder of Silanus' eldest brother Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus without Nero's knowledge, so that he would not seek revenge against her over his brother's death.

On the day that Agrippina married her uncle Claudius as her third husband/his fourth wife, she became empress. She also was a stepmother to Claudia Antonia, Claudius' daughter and only child from his second marriage to Aelia Paetina, and to the young Claudia Octavia and Britannicus, Claudius' children with Valeria Messalina. Agrippina removed or eliminated anyone from the palace or the imperial court who she thought was loyal and dedicated to the memory of the late Messalina. She also eliminated or removed anyone who she considered was a potential threat to her position and the future of her son, one of her victims being Lucius' second paternal aunt and Messalina's mother Domitia Lepida the Younger.

Griffin describes how Agrippina "had achieved this dominant position for her son and herself by a web of political alliances," which included Claudius's chief secretary and bookkeeper Pallas, his doctor Xenophon, and Afranius Burrus, the head of the Praetorian Guard (the imperial bodyguard), who owed his promotion to Agrippina. Neither ancient nor modern historians of Rome have doubted that Agrippina had her eye on securing the throne for Nero from the very day of the marriage? if not earlier. Dio Cassius's observation seems to bear that out: "As soon as Agrippina had come to live in the palace she gained complete control over Claudius."

In 49, Agrippina was seated on a dais at a parade of captives when their leader the Celtic King Caratacus bowed before her with the same homage and gratitude as he accorded the emperor. In 50, Agrippina was granted the honorific title of Augusta. She was only the third Roman woman (Livia Drusilla and Antonia Minor received this title) and only the second living Roman woman (the first being Antonia) to receive this title.

In her capacity as Augusta, Agrippina quickly became a trusted advisor to Claudius. And by AD 54, She exerted a considerable influence over the decisions of the emperor. A statues had been erected in her honor in the in all empire, and in the Senate, her followers were advanced with public offices and governorships. However this privileged position caused resentment among the senatorial class and the imperial family.

Julia married Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero GERMANICUS in 49. Tiberius (son of Nero Claudius Drucus GERMANICUS, Governor of Gaul and Antonia MINOR) was born in 1 Aug 0009 B.C. in Lungudum, Gaul, Roman Empire; died on 13 Oct 54 in Miseno, Bacoli, Naples, Italy; was buried on 13 Aug 54 in Mausoleum Of Augustus, Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Genissa (Genuissa) Vanessa Of ROME was born in in Rome, Italy; died about 50.

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• FamilySearch ID: L254-1P9
• _UID: A7E3A040C46746EAB44E988B46B404967E2B

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Germanicus Caesar (15 BC-AD19) Roman general, son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius. Germanicus took part in campaigns against the Pannonian, Dalmatian, and Germanic tribes in eastern and northern Europe. In AD12 he was consul, and the following year Emperor Augustus appointed him to command the eight Roman legions on the Rhine. In AD14, on the death of Augustus, the legions mutinied, but Germanicus quelled the insurrection, after which he led the soldiers into battle. He routed the Marsi, a German tribe, and the next year met the German leader Arminius (Hermann), chief of the Cherusci, who in AD 9 had destroyed three Roman legions and driven their general, Publius Quintilius Varus, to suicide. The engagement was indecisive, but in AD 16 Germanicus, at great risk to his own troops, won two victories over Arminius and claimed Germany for Rome. Emperor Tiberius recalled Germanicus to Rome in AD17 because he felt the Germans could most successfully be dealt with through diplomacy. The young general was received with great enthusiasm and honored with a triumph, the traditional celebration for victorious generals. Tiberius then dispatched him to settle a dispute that had arisen in the eastern provinces of Armenia and Parthia. On this mission, Germanicus was stricken with a fatal illness at Antioch. His friends charged that he had been poisoned on orders from Tiberius, who was supposed to have been jealous of his popularity. Germanicus, widely mourned in the provinces and in Rome, was survived by his wife Agrippina and six children. These included Caligula, later emperor, and a daughter, Agrippina the Younger, who became the mother of Emperor Nero.

Germanicus married Vipsania Agrippina MAJOR. Vipsania (daughter of Marcus Vipsanius AGRIPPA and Julia MAJOR) was born in 0013 B.C.; died on 18 Oct 33 in Pandateria. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: L6MJ-NGY
• _UID: 84548F2506974BFF94EA89176417CCB9915E

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Vipsania Agrippina was the daughter of Augustus' invaluable ally, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and of Julia, Augustus' only daughter. She was thus raised intimately within Rome's first imperial family under the stern eye of her step-grandmother, Livia. As a member of that family, Agrippina would have been expected to embody the same strict Roman virtues as her mother and grandmother; frugality, chastity, and domesticity. Insofar as the traditional values described above applied to her mother, Julia failed spectacularly at all three and was banished by the Emperor; yet to the end of her days, Agrippina arrogantly prized her descent from the divine Augustus. In 11 BC, after Agrippa's death (by whom Julia had five children), Augustus forced Julia into a political marriage with her stepbrother, Tiberius, Livia's son. Agrippina was 3 years old when Augustus became her stepfather. The marriage, initially tranquil, became deeply dysfunctional. Tiberius left Rome for Rhodes, allegedly to avoid the scandal of his wife's sexually infidelities. In 2 BC, when Agrippina was only 12, Augustus discovered that his daughter was whiling away her spare time by committing adulteries on a notorious scale. The fact that Julia had been forced into not one, but three, loveless political marriages at her father's behest was no excuse. Augustus had passed severe laws against adultery in his attempts at moral reform. Allegedly he learned of her behavior through her sons (and his adopted children), Gaius and Lucius, Agrippina's brothers, who protested that their mother's behavior was notorious. Augustus banished Julia for life to the island of Pandateria off the western Italian coast, although she was later permitted to move to slightly easier house arrest at Rhegium. Agrippina never saw her mother again. It would be yet another source of friction between Agrippina and her former stepfather when, after Augustus' death, Tiberius effectively starved Julia to death by stopping her allowance. After Julia's exile, Agrippina and her remaining siblings were raised by Augustus and Livia. One wonders at the psychological impact on the daughter of her mother's passive fate. She could not have imagined that the same fate would befall her. Life With Germanicus, 5-19 AD At the age of 18 or 19, Agrippina was married to Nero Claudius Drusus "Germanicus", Livia's grandson, probably in 5 AD. It is important to understand that Germanicus, son of Livia's son Drusus (brother of Tiberius), was an attractive, educated general with genuine star-power popularity with the Roman people. She bore him nine children, half of whom would die in the imperial power-struggles following the death of Augustus. She was by all accounts a loyal and affectionate wife and supported her husband while on campaign in the approved manner.

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• FamilySearch ID: L8FB-T94
• _UID: 858FB1C6D53045AE902DADCE60DF246E8CEB

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Killed in fall from horse

Nero married Antonia MINOR in 0018 B.C.. Antonia (daughter of Emperor Marcus Antonius Triumvar Of ROME and Octavia MAJOR) was born in 31 Jan 35 B.C. in Athens, Attica, Greece; died on 1 May 37 in Rome, Italy, Roman Empire; was buried in Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome, Italy, Roman Empire. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: L2RF-5FG
• Name: Julia Antonia Minor
• _UID: C8D2C28E9B0E4040B401748412DF5DC4D294

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Wikipedia-

Antonia Minor[a] (31 January 36 BC - 1 May AD 37) was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero. She outlived her husband Drusus, her oldest son, her daughter and several of her grandchildren.

Biography
Birth and early life
She was born in Athens, Greece, and after 36 BC was taken to Rome by her mother with her siblings. She was the youngest of five: her mother had three children, named Claudia Marcella Major, Claudia Marcella Minor, and Marcus Claudius Marcellus, from her first marriage and another daughter, named Antonia Major by the same father. Antonia never knew her father, Mark Antony, who divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC. She was raised by her mother, her uncle, and her aunt, Livia Drusilla. Having inherited properties in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, she was a wealthy and influential woman, who often received visitors to Rome. She had many male friends, including Alexander the Alabarch, a wealthy Jew, and Lucius Vitellius, a consul and the father of Aulus Vitellius, a future emperor.

Marriage and family
In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and future consul (9 BC) Nero Claudius Drusus. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla and brother of future Emperor Tiberius. They had many children, but only three survived: the famous general Germanicus, Livilla and the Roman Emperor Claudius.[1] A poem by Crinagoras of Mytilene mentions Antonia's first pregnancy, which may be of a child before Germanicus whom must have died in infancy or early childhood.[1][2][3] Drusus died in June 9 BC in Germany, due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.

Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in AD 4.[4] Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and Munatia Plancina. Tacitus suggests but does not outright say in Annals 3.3 that, on the orders of Tiberius and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June 29 AD, Antonia took care of her younger grandchildren Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, Julia Livilla and later Claudia Antonia.

Conflict with Livilla
In 31 AD, a plot by her daughter Livilla and Tiberius' notorious Praetorian prefect, Sejanus, was exposed by Apicata, the estranged ex-wife of Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves. Livilla allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, Drusus Julius Caesar (nicknamed "Castor"), in 23 AD to remove him as a rival. Sejanus was executed before Livilla was implicated in the crime. After Apicata's accusation, which came in the form of a letter to the emperor, several co-conspirators were executed while Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. Cassius Dio states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.[5]

Succession of Caligula and death
When Tiberius died, Caligula became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that Livia Drusilla had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of Augusta, previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.

Six months into his reign, Caligula became seriously ill. Antonia would often offer Caligula advice, but he once told her, "I can treat anyone exactly as I please!" Caligula was rumored to have had his young cousin Gemellus beheaded, to remove him as a rival to the throne. This act was said to have outraged Antonia, who was grandmother to Gemellus as well as to Caligula.

Having had enough of Caligula's anger at her criticisms and of his behavior, she committed suicide. Suetonius Caligula 23, relates how he might have poisoned her.

When his grandmother Antonia asked for a private interview, he refused it except in the presence of the prefect Macro, and by such indignities and annoyances he caused her death; although some think that he also gave her poison. After she was dead, he paid her no honour, but viewed her burning pyre from his dining-room.

Antonia died on 1 May 37.[6]

When Claudius became emperor after his nephew's assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of Augusta. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.

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• _UID: BF5A76D0F4674C1A9CDBC9354A50BB463069

Marcus married Julia MAJOR. Julia and died. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 72BE3FBEF8DC43259BB8C0C3FAFF48B333B0

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• FamilySearch ID: G869-V4K
• _UID: D6A8B21BA07F411C812A003502688CA74404

Tiberius married Livia DRUSILLA in 44 B.C. in Her 1St Marriage. Livia (daughter of Marcus Livius Drusus CLAUDIANUS and Alfidia) was born in 58 B.C. in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy; died in 0029. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LF4Z-HG6
• _UID: C46FF37F5BED4DC5A8188138548193482827

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• Affiliation: ; Political party: Populares
• Cause of Death: ; Suicide
• FamilySearch ID: LVDH-133
• MilitaryService: 0029 B.C.; committed suicide after defeat at the Battle of Alexandria - again by Octavius
• MilitaryService: 0030 B.C.; defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium
• MilitaryService: 46 B.C.; Magister equitum of the Roman Republic under Julius Caesar
• Occupation: 43 B.C.; Consul of the Roman Republic, with Julius Caesar
• _UID: FCC2916EEB664900A3A3CF408B0096461327
• MilitaryService: Between 53 and 0029; Proconsul in the Roman Army

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Antony, Mark (Latin Marcus Antonius) (83?-30 BC), Roman statesman and general, who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and, with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate, which ultimately secured the end of the Roman Republic. Antony was born in Rome and educated for a short time in Greece. From 58 to 56 BC he served as a leader of cavalry in Roman campaigns in Palestine and Egypt, and from 54 to 50 BC he served in Gaul under Julius Caesar. Subsequently, with Caesar's aid, he attained the offices of quaestor, augur, and tribune of the people. At the outbreak of the civil war between Caesar and the Roman soldier and statesman Pompey the Great, Antony was appointed Caesar's commander in chief in Italy. He commanded the left wing of Caesar's army at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, and in 44 BC he shared the consulship with Caesar. After the assassination of Caesar in 44 BC, Antony's skillful oratory, immortalized by Shakespeare in the play Julius Caesar, turned the Roman people against the conspirators, leaving Antony for a time with almost absolute power in Rome. A rival soon appeared, however, in the person of Gaius Octavius, later the Roman emperor Augustus, who was grandnephew of Caesar and Caesar's designated heir. A struggle for power broke out when Antony, Octavius, and a third contender for the throne, the Roman general Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate and agreed to divide the Roman Empire among themselves. In 42 BC, at Philippi, the triumvirate crushed the forces led by two assassins of Caesar, the Roman statesmen Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, who sought to restore the Roman Republic. Later in the same year, Antony summoned the Egyptian queen Cleopatra to attend him in the city of Tarsus, in Cilicia (now in Turkey), and explain her refusal to aid the triumvirate in the civil war. Instead of punishing Cleopatra, however, Antony fell in love with her and returned with her to Egypt in 41 BC. In 40 BC he attended meetings of the triumvirate in Italy, at which a new division of the Roman world was arranged, with Antony receiving the eastern portion, from the Adriatic Sea to the Euphrates River; in the same year he attempted to cement his relations with Octavius by marrying the latter's sister Octavia. Nevertheless, Antony soon returned to Egypt and resumed his life with Cleopatra. Octavius made use of this fact to excite the indignation of the Roman people against Antony. When, in 36 BC, Antony was defeated in a military expedition against the Parthians, popular disapproval of his conduct deepened in Rome, and a new civil war became inevitable. In 31 BC the forces of Antony and Cleopatra were decisively defeated by those of Octavius in a naval engagement near Actium. The couple returned to Egypt, deserted by the Egyptian fleet and by most of Antony's own army. In the following year, besieged by the troops of Octavius in Alexandria and deceived by a false report of Cleopatra's suicide, Antony killed himself by falling on his sword.

Marcus married Octavia MAJOR in 40 B.C. in Brundisium, His 3Rd Marriage, Her 2ND. Octavia (daughter of General Gais OCTAVIOUS and Atia BALBUS) was born in 69 B.C.; died in 0011 B.C.. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LDS3-975
• _UID: 28471A1C34624D7CAF1647871255F99D94BA

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Octavia (69?-11 bc), Roman matron, daughter of the Roman general Gaius Octavius, grandniece of Julius Caesar, and sister of Octavian, who became emperor as Augustus. Octavia was distinguished for her beauty and her virtue. In 40 BC on the death of her first husband, the consul Gaius Claudius Marcellus, she consented to marry Octavian's rival Mark Antony to make secure the reconciliation between him and her brother. When Antony deserted her for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Octavia remained loyal to her husband, even providing him with reinforcements on occasion. Octavian was indignant at the treatment she received and wished her to leave her husband's house. When war broke out between Octavian and Antony in 32 BC, Antony crowned his insults by sending Octavia a notice of divorce. When he died in Egypt after being defeated by Octavian in 30, Octavia brought up not only her own children but also Antony's children by his first wife, Fulvia, and by Cleopatra. Octavia herself had five children: two daughters by Antony, and a son and two daughters by her first husband. Her son, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, was adopted by Augustus and apparently intended to succeed the latter as emperor, but died at the age of 19. Among the descendants of two of Octavia's daughters, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor, were three rulers of the Roman Empire: the emperors Claudius I, Nero, and Caligula.