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11151	The Life Summary of William When William de Comyn II was born in 1163, in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, his father, Richard de Comyn, was 48 and his mother, Hextilda fitz Huchtred of Tynedale, was 41 About William Comyn, Earl of Buchan William Comyn was one of four sons (and three daughters) of Richard Comyn, Justiciar of Lothian and Hextilda of Tynedale. He was born Scotland, in Altyre, Moray in 1163 and died in Buchan in 1233 where he is buried in Deer Abbey. He was Lord of Badenoch and was earl-consort of Buchan. William made his fortune in the service of king William I of Scotland fighting the Meic Uilleim in the north. William witnesses no less than 88 charters of the king. William was sheriff of Forfar (1195-1211), Justiciar of Scotia (1205-33) and warden of Moray (1211-2). Between 1199 and 1200, William was sent to England to discuss important matters on King William's behalf with the new king, John. William was appointed to the prestigious office of Justiciar of Scotia, the most senior royal office in the kingdom, in 1205. Between 1211 and 1212, William, as Warden of Moray (or Guardian of Moray) fought against the insurgency of Gofraid mac Domnaill (of the Meic Uilleim family), who William beheaded in Kincardine in 1213.[1] Upon finally destroying the Meic Uilleim's in 1229, he was given the Lordship of Badenoch and the lands it controlled. From an unknown date, William held the title Lord of Kilbride. He helped oversee the construction of St Mungo's Cathedral in Glasgow and after his death, Marjory continued his work there. William (is believed to have) had six children through his first wife Sarah Fitzhugh and eight through Marjory, Countess of Buchan. The two branches would be associated with the Lordship of Badenoch through his first wife and the Earldom of Buchan through the second. For the historian Alan Young, William's life, and particularly his marriage to the Countess of Buchan, marks the beginning of the "Comyn century". NB. Children are ranked according to either accounts showing a specific rank in the order of Williams children's birth or according to the earliest available date the child was thought to have been born. * father Richard Comyn (b.c.1115-1123 d.c.1179); mother Hextilda of Tynedale (aka. Hextilda FitzUchtred or Hextilda FitzWaldeve) (b.1112-1122 d.c. 1149-1189). Hextilda's first husband was Malcolm, 2nd Earl of Atholl, making their son Henry, 3rd Earl of Atholl, William Comyn's half-brother. o first wife married 1193: Sarah Fitzhugh (aka. Sarah filia Roberti) (b.1155-1160 d.c.1204) + 1. Richard (b.c.1190-1194 d.c.1244-1249); married to unknown wife; father of John I Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (b.c.1220 d.c.1277) + 2. Jardine Comyn, Lord of Inverallochy (b. during or before 1190) + 3. Walter, Lord of Badenoch (b.1190 d.c.1258) married Isabella, Countess of Menteith + 4. Johanna (aka. Jean) (b.c.1198 d.c.1274); married c.1220: Uilleam I, Earl of Ross (aka. William de Ross) (b.c.1194-1214 d.1274) + 5. John Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Angus (d.1242); married (c.1242); Matilda, Countess of Angus (aka. Maud) (b.c.1222, d.1261) + 6. David Comyn, Lord of Kilbride (d.1247); married Isabel de Valoigne (d.1253) o second wife married c.1209-1212: Marjory (aka. Margaret), Countess of Buchan (aka. Margaret Colhan of Buchan) (b.c.1184 d.c.1243-1244) + 1. Idonea (aka. Idoine) (b.c.1215-1221); married 1237: Gilbert de Haya of Erroll (aka. Gilbert de la Hay) (d.1262) + 2. Alexander, Earl of Buchan (b.c.1217 d.c.1289-1290); married: Elizabetha de Quincy (aka. Isabel) (b.1220 d.1282) + 3. William (b.c.1217) + 4. Margaret (b.c. 1218-1230); married Sir John de Keith, Marischal of Scotland (b.1212 d.1270) + 5. Fergus (b.c.1219-1228 d.); married 1249: unknown wife; father of Margaret Comyn (b.c.1270) + 6. Elizabeth (b.c. 1223 d.1267); married: Uilleam, Earl of Mar (d.1281) + 7. Agnes (b.c.1225); married 1262: Sir Philip de Meldrum, Justiciar of Scotia (aka. Philip de Fedarg or Philip de Melgarum) [edit] Notes 1. ^ "Scotland". http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-13. References * Young, Alan, Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1213-1314, (East Linton, 1 ( ttp://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cousin/html/p390.htm#i7749 ) from Compiler: R. B. Stewart, Evans, GA ( http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cousin/html/index.htm ) William Comyn, Lord of Badenoch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia William Comyn was one of four sons (and three daughters) of Richard Comyn, Justiciar of Lothian and Hextilda of Tynedale. He was born Scotland, in Altyre, Moray in 1163 and died in Buchan in 1233 where he is buried in Deer Abbey. He was Lord of Badenoch and was earl-consort of Buchan. William made his fortune in the service of king William I of Scotland fighting the Meic Uilleim in the north. William witnesses no less than 88 charters of the king. William was sheriff of Forfar (1195-1211), Justiciar of Scotia (1205-33) and warden of Moray (1211-2). Between 1199 and 1200, William was sent to England to discuss important matters on King William's behalf with the new king, John. William was appointed to the prestigious office of Justiciar of Scotia, the most senior royal office in the kingdom, in 1205. Between 1211 and 1212, William, as Warden of Moray (or Guardian of Moray) fought against the insurgency of Gofraid mac Domnaill (of the Meic Uilleim family), who William beheaded in Kincardine in 1213.[1] Upon finally destroying the Meic Uilleim's in 1229, he was given the Lordship of Badenoch and the lands it controlled. From an unknown date, William held the title Lord of Kilbride. He helped oversee the construction of St Mungo's Cathedral in Glasgow and after his death, Marjory continued his work there. Earl of Buchan During his period as Warden of Moray, Comyn was so successful, it may have been the reason he received the hand of Marjory (aka. Margaret), Countess of Buchan, sometime between 1209-1212. Her father Fergus, Earl of Buchan, had no male heirs and so in marrying his daughter to William he ensured a suitable line for his titles before his death. Dying sometime around 1214 (perhaps earlier) William took over the management of the mormaerdom (earldom) of Bucham, by right of his wife. [edit]Family tree William (is believed to have) had six children through his first wife Sarah Fitzhugh and eight through Marjory, Countess of Buchan. The two branches would be associated with the Lordship of Badenoch through his first wife and the Earldom of Buchan through the second. For the historian Alan Young, William's life, and particularly his marriage to the Countess of Buchan, marks the beginning of the "Comyn century". NB. Children are ranked according to either accounts showing a specific rank in the order of Williams children's birth or according to the earliest available date the child was thought to have been born. father Richard Comyn (b.c.1115-1123 d.c.1179); mother Hextilda of Tynedale (aka. Hextilda FitzUchtred or Hextilda FitzWaldeve) (b.1112-1122 d.c. 1149-1189). Hextilda's first husband was Malcolm, 2nd Earl of Atholl, making their son Henry, 3rd Earl of Atholl, William Comyn's half-brother. first wife married 1193: Sarah Fitzhugh (aka. Sarah filia Roberti) (b.1155-1160 d.c.1204) 1. Richard (b.c.1190-1194 d.c.1244-1249); married to unknown wife; father of John I Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (b.c.1220 d.c.1277) 2. Jardine Comyn, Lord of Inverallochy (b. during or before 1190) 3. Walter, Lord of Badenoch (b.1190 d.c.1258) married Isabella, Countess of Menteith 4. Johanna (aka. Jean) (b.c.1198 d.c.1274); married c.1220: Uilleam I, Earl of Ross (aka. William de Ross) (b.c.1194-1214 d.1274) 5. John Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Angus (d.1242); married (c.1242); Matilda, Countess of Angus (aka. Maud) (b.c.1222, d.1261) 6. David Comyn, Lord of Kilbride (d.1247); married Isabel de Valoigne (d.1253) second wife married c.1209-1212: Marjory (aka. Margaret), Countess of Buchan (aka. Margaret Colhan of Buchan) (b.c.1184 d.c.1243-1244) 1. Idonea (aka. Idoine) (b.c.1215-1221); married 1237: Gilbert de Haya of Erroll (aka. Gilbert de la Hay) (d.1262) 2. Alexander, Earl of Buchan (b.c.1217 d.c.1289-1290); married: Elizabetha de Quincy (aka. Isabel) (b.1220 d.1282) 3. William (b.c.1217) 4. Margaret (b.c. 1218-1230); married Sir John de Keith, Marischal of Scotland (b.1212 d.1270) 5. Fergus (b.c.1219-1228 d.); married 1249: unknown wife; father of Margaret Comyn (b.c.1270) 6. Elizabeth (b.c. 1223 d.1267); married: Uilleam, Earl of Mar (d.1281) 7. Agnes (b.c.1225); married 1262: Sir Philip de Meldrum, Justiciar of Scotia (aka. Philip de Fedarg or Philip de Melgarum) [edit]Notes ^ "Scotland". Retrieved 2007-06-13. [edit]References Young, Alan, Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1213-1314, (East Linton, 1997) 1st Earl of Buchan, Justiciar of Scotland (d 1233, 2nd son) http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Comyn-4 Lord William Comyn of Tynedal aka of Badenoch Born 1163 in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, , Scotlandmap Son of Richard Comyn and Hextilda F. (Tynedale) Comyn Brother of Unknown (Atholl) Lundin, Henry (Atholl) of Atholl and Margaret (Comyn) Atholl Husband of Margaret Countess of Buchan (Buchan) Comyn Countess o ? married [date unknown] [location unknown] Husband of Sarah (Fitzhugh) Comyn ? married [date unknown] [location unknown] Father of Richard Comyn, Walter Comyn Lord of Ba, Johanna (Comyn) Ross, Alexander Comyn II Earl of, Margaret (Comyn) Keith and Elizabeth Comyn Died 1233 in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, , Scotlandmap Profile managers: Jacques Charles Pictet private message [send private message], Katherine Patterson private message [send private message], Ted Williams private message [send private message], David Robinson private message [send private message], Sharon Meeds private message [send private message], and Allan Stuart private message [send private message] Last profile change on 10 January 2014 13:07: Eugene Quigley edited the Biography for Willi	COMYN, William Earl Of Buchan (I11766)
11152	The majority of the Kennedys who settled in Northern Ireland are of Scottish origin from the territories of Galloway and Ayr just across the Irish Sea some twenty miles away. These Scottish Kennedys intermarried with local Irish and thus they are Scots-Irish in blood. The other Kennedy family is located in southwest Ireland with its foundation in the bloodline of Cormac Cas, King of Thomond and Munster. Cormac Cas is the progenitor of the clan known as the Dal Cais or Dalcassians, translated to mean descendants of Cas. They were a minor clan of Ireland and ruled the northern section of Munster Province known as Thomond (all County Clare, southern Galway and northern Limerick, northwest Tipperary), while their cousins, the Eugenians (McCarthys and O?Sullivans) ruled the south of Munster known as Desmond. The kingship of Munster switched between these two clans every other generation. Two great families came from the Dalcassian Clan: The O?Briens and the O?Kennedys. Cinneidigh (Kennedy), King of Thomond, died in 954 A.D. He was succeeded by his son Brian, his 12th son. In time Brian rose in power and gained the kingship of Munster, obtained the allegiance of the other five provincial kings of Ireland, and eventually became High King of Ireland. Because he exacted tribute, his second name became Boru, meaning tribute. He is known as one of the greatest kings of Ireland, and in 1014 he defeated the Vikings at Dublin at the age of 88.	CENNEDI (KENNEDY), King Ceinneidigh (Cennetig) Na Of Thomond (I28863)
11153	The marriage of the Western Emperor Valentinian III's daughter to the sonof the brilliant Vandal king Gaiseric, Huneric, was a carefullythought-out political manoeuver.	Eudoxia Constantia (I8753)
11154	The marriage was annulled in 1200 on the grounds of consanguinity (a close family relationship).	Family (F7049)
11155	The most notable of the Spanish Visigothic kings was Euric, who reigned [lived] from about 420 to 484 (actually only reigned from 466 - 484). He was a son of Theodoric I. Under Euric, who declared his rule to be independent of any federation with Rome, the kingdom of Toulouse included almost all of Spain and most of Gaul west of the Rh?ne River and south of the Loire River. Euric introduced many aspects of Roman civilization and drew up a code of law combining Roman and German elements. The kingdom was, however, continually beset by both internal and external difficulties. The kingship was nominally elective, and the powerful Visigothic nobles stood against attempts to found a hereditary royal house. Externally, the Byzantine Empire and the Franks menaced the Visigothic lands. In order to instill greater loyalty in his rebellious Roman and Christian subjects, Alaric II in 506 introduced the collection of laws known as the Breviary of Alaric. A year later, Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Vouill?, in which Alaric II was killed. "Goths," Microsoft? Encarta? Encyclopedia 99. ? 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Source: lorenfamily.com	VISIGOTHS, Euric (Eorik) King Of The (I9772)
11156	The name Garrison is an anglicised version of Gerritson, a traditional naming convention whereby the son took the name of his father. He was a judge and sheriff of Richmond County (Staten Island.) His will: " In the name of God, Amen. October 7, 1712. I Lambert Garrisono of Staten Island, being very sick. I leave to my wife, Mary, a bed and furniture for the same, a woman's saddle, and one-half of all household goods, and 20 pounds. I leave to my eldest son, Lambert, 5 shillings. Considering what I have done for my daughter, Susanah, I give her 5 pounds. I leave all the rest of my estate, houses, and lands, to my children, Lambert, Charles, Nicholas, Isaac, Jacob,Catharine, and Elizabeth; and to my grandsons Daniel and Nathaniel, sons of my son Daniel, deceased. From these lands are excepted "that land which belongeth to the two eldest sons of Barent Christophers, which is in the bounds of my Patent, and belongeth not to me". "I will that the burying place on my land shall continue for a burying place for my posterity forever". I make my brother Segar Garrison,and my sons Charles and Nicholas, executors." Witnesses, Elias Burger, Susannah Burger, Segar Garrison (and Nicholas Garrison). Birth: 1656 Death: 1725 in Staten Island, New York Father: Gerrit SEGERS (SEGERTSEN) b: ABT 1620 Marriage 1 Susannah MORGAN b: ABT 1662 Married: 1685 in Gravesend, Long Island, New York Children Lambert GARRISON b: 1686 Charles GARRISON b: 1688 Susanna GARRISON b: ABT 1690 Catherine GARRISON b: 18 JAN 1693 Daniel GARRISON b: 1696 in Staten Island, New York Seger GARRISON b: 1698 Nicholas GARRISON b: 1701 Issac GARRISON b: 1703 in Staten Island, New York Jacob GARRISON b: ABT 1705 Elizabeth GARRISON b: BEF 1706 in Staten Island, New York - The family lived in England during the days of religious persecutions under Mary Tudor, and since they were of the New Protestant faith, they were compell ed to flee to Holland so that they might enjoy civil and religious liberty. F ive Garrison brothers, some with families, came from Holland to America. They settled in New York, Virginia and New Jersey. Lambert was the youngest of t he five brothers. He traveled to many different places after his arrival in A merica but he settled at Staten Island, New York, where he met and married Susannah	GARRISON, Lambert (I2858)
11157	The name O'Toole comes from Ua Tuathal, and was taken by the direct descendants of King Tuathal Source: lorenfamily.com	LEINSTER, Tuathal King Of (I10116)
11158	The name of Bidford is a corruption of its original appellation, By-the-ford. The manor was settled by William the Conqueror on his consort Matilda, and was given by William Rufus to Sir Richard de Grenville, whose descendants resided her and at Kilkhampton, in Cornwall, for many generations; and three of them represented Devon in Parliament. [Brad Verity, citing White's Devonshire Directory of 1850]] ---------------- Louise Staley, in her post to SGM, citing "A History of the Granville Family, etc.", has Richard as brother of Robert Fitz Hamon and son of Hamon (Dentatus), while I have Richard as brother of Robert Fitz Hamon and son of Hamon (Dapifer). The brother is the same, but maybe her source missed a generation (Dapifer).	GRENVILLE, Richard De Of Bideford, Sir (I19689)
11159	The name Oliphant came from the Norwegian name Holifard/Holifarth. David Holifard who came back north with King David I from whom he received lands in Roxburghshire. David Holifard saved the King's life at the Battle of Winchester in 1141. A descendant of the above David was Sir William Oliphant who played an important role in the struggle for Scottish independence. He defended Stirling Castle during the wars and in 1320 after being set free signed the Declaration of Arbroath, a letter from Scottish barons to maintain Scottish independence and support Robert I. His son Sir Walter Oliphant of Aberdalgy married the Princess Elizabeth youngest daughter of Robert the Bruce as appears by a charter of David II erecting the lands of Gask in Perthshire. His descendant Sir Laurence Oliphant of Aberdalgy was the first Lord Oliphant. He had three sons, John the 2nd Lord Oliphant, William from whom descended the Oliphants of Gask and George who was styled of Bachilton. OLIPHANTS AND DAVID I, ROBERT AND DAVID II Prior to the 12th Century, the Oliphants had built up an affiliation with the Scottish Royal family, who had the palace of Kincardine. As Jervais notes the Oliphant family was not present in Normandy prior to (or after) 1066. The other evidence would indicate that David I must have taken David Olifard's family to Northamptonshire with him as part of his retinue upon his marriage to the Countess of Northamptonshire. Both Douglas' Peerage of Scotland and Crawfurd's state David was David I's godson, which reflects why David Oliphant had been given the King's first name at birth. Facing David I's expulsion from his lands in Northamptonshire by defeat at the Battle of Winchester his allegiance was logically to the Scottish king and not to Norman England where he would have had difficulty surviving, (as is borne out by lack of later historic evidence of those Oliphants who are recorded as having stayed.) Back in Scotland, David Olifard was made Justiciary of the Lothians (lowlands) and had grants of Smailham and Crailing, in Roxbrughshire followed by the great lordship of Bothwell. The location of these early residences is not known, probably because fortifications then were built of wood. Two centuries on Walter, son of the Sir William Olifard who defended Stirling Castle against Edward I's armies, was granted the lands in Perthshire (and Angus) not only of Gask but also of Hatton, Kinpurney Newtyle, Balcraig etc., etc. upon marriage to the Princess Elizabeth (youngest daughter of Robert the Bruce by his second wife.) All the main Bruce Charters (Robert + David II) were entrusted by the 9th Lord Oliphant into the Gask charter chest and are set out in the books below (Regesta Regum Scottorum has transcripts in the Latin (nos. 27, 337 to 343 inclusive, 371, 422.) All these charters from the Gask Charter Chest are now with National Library for Scotland although more than one copy of each charter would have been prepared, some of which survive. When Robert died and was succeeded by David II in 1364, in the usual feudal style the lands were all ceded back to the Crown and then re-granted to Walter and his wife Elizabeth, the king's sister. (David II was full brother to Elizabeth, by Robert's second wife.)	OLIFARD, David (I28989)
11160	The name started out as Friedt, then the T was dropped and it became Fried, and then finally it was spelled Freed. The Freed families research group has concluded that this Johannes belongs to Group C. GROUP C. (Updated 1/17/09). The one individual in GROUP C is descended from another Johannes Friedt, born ca 1737, and died in 1791 in Bucks County, PA. He married (1) Henrica? and (2), Hannah?. The descent from the 1737 Johannes is through his son Henry (born ca 1767, married Magdalena Weisel), his grandson Henry W. (born 1801, died 1862, married Sophia Fluck.), and his great grandson Henry F. (born 1829, died 1898, married Sarah Ann Ziegenfuss). With his haplogroup being R1a1, there is no relationship within historic times between the individual in Group C to any individuals in either Groups A, B or D (all Haplogroup R1b1b2). Haplogroup Determination for Group C: "R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency (more than 40%) from the Czech Republic across to the Altai Mountains in Siberia and south throughout Central Asia. R1a arose 15,000 years ago in the vicinity of Ukraine, expanding from either the Ukrainian LGM refuge following the end of the last ice age, or from the Pontic-Caspian steppe as a result of the Kurgan migrations. The expansion of R1a has been associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages." This quote is from the R1a section of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (3/08). For more information google on R1a. http://www.myheritage.com/dna-surname-project/Freed	FRIEDT, Johannes (I19708)
11161	The negotiations for Anne's marriage to the 18-years-older King Henry took place in the late 1040s, after the death of Henry's first wife, Matilda of Frisia, and their only child. Due to the pressing need for an heir, and the Church's growing disapproval of consanguineous marriages, it became necessary for Henry to seek an unrelated bride. The Kievan Rus' was not unknown to the French. Yaroslav had married several of his children to Western rulers in an attempt to avoid the influence of the Byzantine Empire. In the autumn of 1049 or the spring of 1050, Henry sent Bishop Gauthier of Meaux, Goscelin of Chauny, and other unnamed advisors to Yaroslav's court. It is possible that there were two diplomatic missions to the Rus at this time, with Roger of Chalons also present. No record of the marriage negotiations or the dowry arrangements survives, although Anne reportedly left Kiev with "rich presents". Gregorovich claims that part of the wealth she brought to France included the jacinth jewel that Abbot Suger later mounted on a reliquary of St. Denis. Anne left Kiev in the summer or fall of 1050 and traveled to Reims. Anne of Kiev or Anna Yaroslavna (c. 1030 ? 1075) was a Rus' princess who became queen of France in 1051 upon marrying King Henry I. She ruled the kingdom as regent during the minority of their son Philip I from Henry's death in 1060 until her controversial marriage to Count Ralph IV of Valois. Anne founded the Abbey of St. Vincent at Senlis. Anne was a daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev and Prince of Novgorod, and his second wife Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden. Her exact birthdate is unknown; Philippe Delorme has suggested 1027, while Andrew Gregorovich has proposed 1032, citing a mention in a Kievan chronicle of the birth of a daughter to Yaroslav in that year. Anne's exact place in the birth order of her siblings is unknown, although she was almost certainly the youngest daughter. Little is known about Anne's childhood or education. It is assumed that she was literate, at least enough to write her name, because her signature in Cyrillic exists on a document from 1061. Delorme has pointed out that Yaroslav founded a number of schools in his kingdom and suggests that education was highly valued in his family, leading him to propose a significant level of education for Anne. Gregorovich has suggested that Anne learned French in preparation for her marriage to King Henry I of France. Engagement The negotiations for Anne's marriage to the 18-years-older King Henry took place in the late 1040s, after the death of Henry's first wife, Matilda of Frisia, and their only child. Due to the pressing need for an heir, and the Church's growing disapproval of consanguineous marriages, it became necessary for Henry to seek an unrelated bride. The Kievan Rus' was not unknown to the French. Yaroslav had married several of his children to Western rulers in an attempt to avoid the influence of the Byzantine Empire. In the autumn of 1049 or the spring of 1050, Henry sent Bishop Gauthier of Meaux, Goscelin of Chauny, and other unnamed advisors to Yaroslav's court. It is possible that there were two diplomatic missions to the Rus at this time, with Roger of Chalons also present. No record of the marriage negotiations or the dowry arrangements survives, although Anne reportedly left Kiev with "rich presents". Gregorovich claims that part of the wealth she brought to France included the jacinth jewel that Abbot Suger later mounted on a reliquary of St. Denis. Anne left Kiev in the summer or fall of 1050 and traveled to Reims. Queenship Anne married Henry on 19 May 1051, during the feast of Pentecost. Henry was nearly twenty years older than Anne. Her wedding on 19 May 1051 followed the installation of Lietbert as bishop of Cambrai, and Anne was crowned immediately following the marriage ceremony, making her the first French queen to celebrate her coronation in Reims Cathedral. Anne and Henry were married for nine years and had three sons: Philip, Robert (who died young), and Hugh. Anne is often credited with introducing the Greek name "Philip" to royal families of Western Europe, as she bestowed it on her first son; she might have imported this Greek name from her Eastern Orthodox culture. There may also have been a daughter, Emma, perhaps born in 1055; it is unknown if she married or when she died. As queen, Anne would have had the privilege of participating in the royal council, but there are almost no records of her doing so. In one 1058 charter, Henry granted a privilege to a couple of villages associated with the monastery of Saint-Maur-des-Foss?s doing so "with the approval of my wife Anne and our children Philip, Robert, and Hugh." Anne seems to have possessed territories in the same region under the terms of her dower. In 1059, King Henry began feuding with the Church over issues related to Gregorian Reform. During this time, Pope Nicholas II sent Queen Anne a letter counselling her to follow her conscience to right wrongs and intervene against oppressive violence, while also encouraging her to advocate with her husband so that he might govern with moderation. According to Delorme, some historians have interpreted this letter from the Pope as being indicative of Anne's conversion to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy. Regency Upon Henry's death on 4 August 1060, Philip succeeded to the throne. Count Baldwin V of Flanders, the husband of Henry's sister Adela, was assigned to be Philip's guardian. Anne may still have played an active role in government at that point; an act from 1060 shows her name following Philip's, and her name appears in four times as many charters as Baldwin's. She also hired Philip's tutor, who was known at court by a Greek title. Queen Anne's only existing signature dates from this period, inscribed on a document issued at Soissons for the abbot of Saint Crepin le Grand [de], now held in the National Library of France. Under the symbol of the king, Anne added a cross and eight letters in Cyrillic, probably meaning "Anna Reina". Evidence for Anne's role in government, however, disappears in 1061, around the time she remarried. Her second husband was Count Ralph IV of Valois. This marriage was controversial because of the couple's affinity, as Ralph was Henry's cousin, and bigamy, since Ralph was still technically married to his second wife, Haquenez. Ralph was excommunicated for these transgressions. King Philip's advisers may have encouraged him to turn away from his mother, perhaps mistrusting Ralph's influence. Ralph began referring to himself as the king's stepfather in the late 1060s. He died in 1074, leaving Anne a widow once again. In 1062, Anne gave a significant amount of money to restore a dilapidated chapel at Senlis, originally dedicated to St. Vincent of Saragossa, bequeathing lands and income to the new establishment so that the organization could sustain itself. She also wrote a letter explaining her reasons for dedicating the monastery. The letter betrays an adherence to Greek Orthodox theology. For instance, the term "Mary, mother of God" is used rather than the more common "Our Lady", perhaps referring to the Eastern concept of the Theotokos. Some scholars believe that Anne did not write this letter herself. Death and aftermath The exact date of Anne's death is unknown. Delorme believes that she died on 5 September? the day commemorated at Senlis? in 1075 (the year of her last signed document), while others have proposed 1080. A terminus ante quem is provided by a 1089 document of Philip I, which indicates that Anne had died by then. In 1682, the Jesuit antiquary Claude-Francois Menestrier announced that he had discovered Anne's tomb at the Cistercian Abbey of Villiers. The discovery was subsequently disputed, as Villiers was not built until the thirteenth century, although it's possible Anne's remains had been moved there at some point following her death. Whatever monument may have been there was destroyed in the French Revolution. In the 18th and 19th centuries, increased diplomatic contact between France and Russia led to a revived antiquarian interest in Anne, and a number of short biographies were published. In the 20th century, Anne became a symbol of Ukrainian nationalism. On the other hand, a film was produced in the Soviet Union, "Yaroslavna, the Queen of France" (1978), which was not related with "Ukrainian nationalism" in any way. An opera called "Anna Yaroslavna", written by Antin Rudnytsky, was first performed at Carnegie Hall in 1969. In 1998, the Ukrainian government issued a postage stamp in her honor. In 2005, the Government of Ukraine sponsored the construction of a bronze statue of Queen Anne at Senlis, which was unveiled by President Viktor Yushchenko on 22 June. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Kiev ---------------------------------- There does not to be any certain proof of Anne's date of birth. The Wikipedia entry for Anne records her birth as being within the range of 1024 and 1036. The Society for Medieval Genealogy records her birth as occurring in 1036, though this is done without sources. Sources that the SfMG records for Anne's general information include: Marriage to Henry: Hugonis Floriacensis, Liber qui Modernorum Regum Francorum continet Actus 10, MGH SS IX, p. 388. Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1052, MGH SS XXIII, p. 789. The large majority of well-researched websites place Anne's date of birth at around 1036. Meanwhile, Anne's birth location is uncertain. Her father lived in Veliky Novgorod (Russian: ????????) up until he relocated to Kiev (Old East Slavic: ?????, Russian: ????) in 1036. As Anne is presumed to have been born between 1024 and 1036, it is far more likely that she was born in Veliky Novgorod, however there is no evidence to support this claim. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Kiev-1 http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm#AnnaIaroslavnadied1075	YAROSLAVNA, Duchess/ Anna Agnesa Of Kiev (I25534)
11162	The Nevilles were for a time in the 14th and 15th centuries the most powerful house in England. In the person of Richard Neville, 16th and 1st Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), a member of the family even disposed of the crown. And through the marriage of one of the Kingmaker's daughters with a Plantagenet his great-grandchildren, who bore the surname Pole, had a better legal right to the throne than the Tudors. They were accordingly regarded by Henry VIII as one of the most serious dynastic threats to his ascendancy..... This Neville-Percy rivalry dominated not just the North, but all England. The Neville's power was largely broken by the failure of the Rebellion of the Northern Earls in 1569, however, and unlike the Percys they hardly recovered until the 20th century, during which they have been conspicuous as courtiers. [Burke's Peerage] -------------------------------------------------------------------------- BARONY OF MONTAGU (VIII) 1460 EARLDOM OF SALISBURY (XI, 6) 1460 to 1471 EARLDOM OF WARWICK (XVI, 16 & 1) 1449 and 1450 RICHARD NEVILLE, 1st son and heir apparent of Richard (NEVILLE), EARL OF SALISBURY, by Alice, suo jure COUNTESS OF SALISBURY [1337], also (according to modern doctrine) BARONESS MONTAGU (1299], MONTHERMER [1309] and MONTAGU [1357], daughter and heir of Thomas (MONTAGU), 4th EARL OF SALISBURY, was born 22 November 1428; knighted before 6 August 1445, when he was appointed, with his father and younger brother Thomas, Joint Master Forester of the Forests of Blackburn and Bowland and joint steward of the Honor of Pontefract, all in the Duchy of Lancaster; Joint Warden, with his father, of Carlisle and the West Marches towards Scotland, 4 April 1446. In consequence of his marriage, he succeeded in right of his wife (according to the then doctrine of the exclusion of the half-blood), on the death, 3 January 1448/9, of her niece, Anne, presumably suo jure Countess of Warwick, to the bulk of the great estates of the Earldom of Warwick. He and his wife Anne, accordingly, also for his "good service about the king's person and in Scotland on the punishment of the king's enemies there at his own costs, he being still in his minority," were confirmed, 23 July 1449, in the estate and title of EARL OF WARWICK, remainder to the heirs of Anne, with all the "preeminences" (i.e. that of Premier Earl) that any of Anne's ancestors, as Earls of Warwick, used before the creation of Henry as Duke of Warwick. This patent of confirmation he resigned and on 2 March 1449/50 he was created EARL OF WARWICK and she COUNTESS OF WARWICK, each for their life, with all the privileges, &c., granted by the preceding patent, "though they have no issue at present," with remainder after the death of both to the heirs of the body of the said Anne, and in case she should die s.p., then to Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury, and the heirs male of her body, remainder to the heirs general of her body, remainder to the right heirs of (her father) Richard, late Earl of Warwick. He also styled himself jure uxoris LORD BERGAVENNY, of which castle and Honor he was de facto in possession; he was recognized as hereditary Sheriff of Worcestershire, 1450-70; and the hereditary office of Chamberlain of the Exchequer was confirmed to him and his wife and her heirs, 6 Dec. 1450, when he was admitted jure uxoris as such Chamberlain. For his good service and attendance on the King's person in his journey into Kent against the Duke of York early in 1452, he received a pardon of all intrusions, fines, &c., and a grant of ?300, 17 March 1451/2. He became P.C. before 6 December 1453; was re-appointed, with his father, Joint Warden of the West Marches towards Scotland, 20 December 1453; and was a Commissioner to create and invest Prince Edward as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 13 April 1454. After the recovery of Henry VI from madness he became a staunch Yorkist and at the 1st battle of St. Albans, 22 May 1455, "had the good fortune to decide the day and win somewhat easily a military reputation." He was rewarded, 31 May, with the Stewardship, &c., of Monmouth and the Three Castles (i.e. Grosmont, Skenfrith, and Whitecastle), and, 4 August 1455, with the important post of Captain of Calais. Being further commissioned, 3 October 1457, "to go on the sea . . . and govern the same , he fought two considerable naval actions with the Spaniards, on 29 May 1458 and in the summer of 1459, and, somewhat piratically, attacked a Hanseatic fleet in time of truce for refusing to strike their flags in the King's name, as to which a public enquiry was ordered, 31 July 1458. He and his father took an active part in the proposed reconciliation between Henry VI and the Yorkists and they walked in the "love-day" procession to St. Paul's, 25 March 1458. On the renewal of the war he crossed from Calais and after the Yorkist victory at Blore Heath, 23 September 1459, joined their troops at Ludford, by Ludlow; but after the King's approach, 12 October, they dispersed and Warwick, with his father, the Earl of March and Sir John Wenlock, fled to North Devon and thence by ship via Guernsey to Calais, where they arrived, 2 November. The Yorkist leaders, including Warwick and Salisbury, were attainted by the Parliament that met at Coventry, 20 November 1459. The following year the Earls landed in Kent and reached London, 2 July. Leaving his father to secure London, Warwick defeated the Lancastrians at Northampton, 10 July 1460, and captured Henry VI, whom he brought to London, 16 July. In that King's name he was confirmed as Captain of Calais, 5 August, appointed Governor of the Channel Isles, 8 August, and nominated K.G. circa September 1460. By Act of Parliament October 1460, annulling the proceedings of the Coventry Parliament of 1459, he was restored; an he bore the sword before the captive King to St. Paul's, 1 November 1460, at the thanksgiving procession on the compromise whereby the Duke of York was named next heir to the throne. On 4 November following he was appointed Keeper of Newport, Brecon and other Welsh castles during the minority of Henry, grandson and heir of the Duke of Buckingham, and of Goderich Castle, &c., in the march of Wales, during the minority of John, son and heir of the Earl of Shrewsbury, both appointments (but not that of Newport) being renewed, 7 May 1461. Also on 4 November he was made Constable and Steward of Tutbury and Master Forester of Needwood and Duffield Forests; and on 18 November Steward of the Honor of Leicester and of Castle Donington, all in the Duchy of Lancaster. He and his father became joint Chief Stewards of the said Duchy, 1 December 1460. He was still in charge of the King in London when the Yorkists were defeated at the battle of Wakefield, 30 December, in which his father was taken prisoner, being beheaded the next day, 31 December 1460, when he succeeded to the great Neville estate of Middleham, co. York. By the captive King he was appointed, 22 January 1460/1, in succession to his father, Great Chamberlain of England for life. On 17 February 1460/1 he was put to flight by the Lancastrians at the 2nd battle of St. Albans, where he showed "a signal lack of generalship" and allowed Henry VI to be re-captured, but having joined the younq Duke of York (victorious at Mortimer's Cross, 2 February) in Oxfordshire, they entered London, 27 February. Warwick was one of the peers who at Baynards Castle declared the Duke to be King, as Edward IV, 3 March, and after an action at Ferrybridge, 28 March, where he was slightly wounded, he commanded the centre in the decisive Yorkist victory at Towton, 29 March 1461. While entertaining the new King in his castle of Middleham, 7 May 1461, he was re-appointed Great Chamberlain of England for life and appointed, also for life, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Constable of Dover Castle, Master of the King's Mews and Steward of the manor of Feckenham, co. Worcester. He was also continued in the post of Captain of Calais. Warden of the East and West Marches towards Scotland, 31 July, and Ambassador to treat for a truce with Scotland, 2 August 1461; Steward of England in the process of an Act of Parliament against Henry VI and others, 3 December 1461; Chief Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, North and South, and Steward of the Honor of Pontefract (as from 4 March 1460/1), 15 December 1461; was again appointed "to the safe-custody of the sea," i.e. Admiral of England, 13 February-July 1462, Captain of Carlisle and Warden of the West Marches towards Scotland (as from 4 March 1460/1), 5 April 1462. Lieutenant in the North to raise the King's standard against his enemies of France and Scotland, 6 November 1462. On the death of his mother, the suo jure Countess of Salisbury, shortly before 9 December 1462, he succeeded her as EARL OF SALISBURY [1337] and, according to modern doctrine, as LORD MONTAGU [1299 and 1357] and LORD MONTHERMER [1309]. From 1464 to 1467 he was continually employed on diplomatic missions, being app. a Commissioner to treat with France, 28 March 1464, 22 March 1465/6 and 6 May 1467; with Scotland, 5 April and 26 May 1464 and 20 November 1465, and to conserve the truce, 11 June 1464 and 10 October 1466; with Burgundy, 28 March and 8 May 1465 and 22 March 1465/6; and with Brittany, 8 May 1465. The King's marriage, however, in May 1464, to Elizabeth Wydevill and the favour shown to the Queen's relatives tended to alienate him, though he was godfather to Elizabeth, their eldest child, born 11 February 1465/6. He was granted the castles of Cockermouth and Appleby, &c., also the sheriffdom of Westmorland, 11 April 1465; was Chief Justice in Eyre of the Forests beyond Trent (as from 4 March 1460/1), 21 November 1466; and Constable and Steward of Kenilworth Castle, 14 February 1467/8. On his return from his embassy to France in 1467 Warwick found the alliance with Burgundy, which he had always opposed, settled and the Queen's friends in power. Though an outward reconciliation with them was effected, he was secretly planning his own restoration to authority throughout 1468 and he was allowed to cross to Calais early in 1469. Here he was joined by his brother George, Archbishop of York, and by the King's brother, the Duke of Clarence, to whom he there married, 11 July 1469, Isabel, his eldest daughter and coheir presumptive. These three then, having put forth a manifesto of grievances, 12 July, crossed to Kent and joined the Yorkshire insurgents under Robin of Redesdale, who had, 26 July, defeated the King's forces under the Earl of Pembroke at Edgcote, near Banbury. On 17 August 1469 the Earl obtained from Edward IV, who had been captured by the Archbishop and was, 25 August, at Middleham, the grant of the great offices in South Wales, lately held by the Earl of Pembroke, whose execution he had caused. He then suppressed the Lancastrian rising in the North of his kinsman, Sir Humphrey Neville, September 1469, and escorted the King, October following, to London, where an amnesty was granted. When, however, the Lincolnshire insurgents were defeated by Edward IV near Stamford, 12 March 1469/70, Sir Robert Welles, their leader, who was captured, divulged the alleged complicity of Warwick and Clarence, who were accordingly proclaimed traitors at Nottingham, 31 March, and fled via Dartmouth to France, April 1470. Here, at the instigation of the French King, Warwick was formally reconciled, in July, at Angers, to Margaret, Queen Consort of Henry VI; and landing (with the Duke of Clarence and the Earl of Oxford) at Dartmouth, 13 September, he proclaimed Henry VI as King, entered London, 6 October, and accompanied him in state to Westminster, 13 October 1470. By the Parliament that met on 26 November 1470 he and Clarence were appointed joint Lieutenants of the Realm. He was also made Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine, 2 January; a Commissioner to treat with the French ambassadors, 13 February; Joint Keeper, with Jasper Tudor, the attainted Earl of Pembroke, of Brecknock and other Welsh castles, 14 February; and Keeper of Newport Castle, in South Wales, 21 February 1470/1. When Edward IV landed in Yorkshire, March 1471, Warwick was deserted by Clarence. After joining forces with Oxford and his brother, the Marquess of Montagu, at Coventry, he was defeated by Edward at Barnet on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1471, and both he and Montagu were slain. He married, in 1434, Anne, apparently suo jure COUNTESS OF WARWICK, sister and eventually coheir (sole heir of the whole blood) of Henry (DE BEAUCHAMP), DUKE and EARL OF WARWICK, 4th daughter of Richard, 13th EARL OF WARWICK, being only daughter by his 2nd wife, Isabel. He, who is known in history as "The Kingmaker," appears never to have been attainted and died s.p.m. as above, 14 April 1471, aged 42, being buried, with his brother, at Bisham Abbey, Berks. At his death the Earldom of Warwick [1450] remained (according to the grant in that year) in his widow for her life, while the Earldom of Salisbury reverted to the Crown and the Baronies of Montagu and Monthermer fell into abeyance between his 2 daughters and coheirs. His widow had accompanied Margaret of Anjou to England, April 1471, and, Iearning of her husband's death, took sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. From there she later petitioned Edward IV for her lands and dower. Shortly before 3 June 1473 she was removed, probably to Middleham, by her son-in-law Richard, Duke of Gloucester; and in May 1474, by Act of Parliament, her estates were divided between Clarence and Gloucester, "as if the said Countess were now naturally dead." Having survived both her daughters, she was granted by Henry VII, as from Michaelmas 1485, a yearly pension of 500 marks; and she obtained an Act of Parliament, November-December 1487, for the annulment of that of 1474 and her restoration to her family estates. These, however, she at once (presumably by previous arrangement), 13 December 1487, settled on the Crown, saving the manor of Erdington, co. Warwick, which she reserved for herself and her heirs. On 11 December 1490 she was appointed Principal Keeper of the Forest of Wychwood, Oxon., receiving at the same time a large grant for life of some of her former lands in many counties. She, who was born circa September 1426 at Caversham, died shortly before 20 September 1492, aged about 66, and was succeeded in the Earldom of Warwick by Edward Plantagenet, her grandson and heir. [Complete Peerage XII/2:385-93, (transcribed by Dave Utzinger)] -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hume says of Richard: "He figured prominently on the Yorkist side in the Wars of the Roses and was killed at the battle of Barnet Field on April 14, 1471 where his brother, John, Baron Montague, was also slain. He distinguished himself by his gallantry in the field, the hospitality of his table, by the magnificence, and still more by the generosity of his expense, and by the spirited and bold manner which attended him in all his actions. The undesigning frankness and openness of his character rendered his conquest over men's affections the more certain and infallible; his presents were regarded as sure testimonies of esteem and freindship, and his prrofessions as the overflowing of his genuine sentiments. No less than 30,000 persons are said to have daily lived at his board in the different manors and castles which he possessed in England. The military men, allured by his magnificence and hospitality, as well as by his bravery, were zealously attached to his interest. The people in general bore him unlimited affection; his numerous retainers were more devoted to his will than to the Prince or to the laws. He was the greatest as well as the last of those mighty barons" His lands were in 1474 divided betwen the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, the husbands of his two daughters Isabel and Anne. Clarence taking the Beauchamp and Despenser and Gloucester the Neville and Montagu estates and eventualy by act of parliament in 1487 restored to his widow only to deed to the crown. Originally buried Bisham Abbey in Berkshire Present burial site unknown -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Richard Neville, 1st Earl of Warwick, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, byname THE KINGMAKER (b. Nov. 22, 1428--d. April 14, 1471, Barnet, Hertfordshire, Eng.), English nobleman called, since the 16th century, "the Kingmaker," in reference to his role as arbiter of royal power during the first half of the Wars of the Roses (1455-85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He obtained the crown for the Yorkist king Edward IV in 1461 and later restored to power (1470-71) the deposed Lancastrian monarch Henry VI. The son of Richard Neville, 1st (or 5th) Earl of Salisbury (d. 1460), he became, through marriage, Earl of Warwick in 1449 and thereby acquired vast estates throughout England. In 1453 Warwick and his father allied with Richard, Duke of York, who was struggling to wrest power from the Lancastrian Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, chief minister to the ineffectual king Henry VI. The two sides eventually took up arms, and, at the Battle of St. Albans, Hertfordshire, in May 1455, Warwick's flank attack won a swift victory for the Yorkists. As his reward Warwick was appointed captain of Calais, an English possession on the coast of France. From Calais he crossed to England in 1460 and defeated and captured Henry VI at Northampton (July 10). York and Parliament agreed to let Henry keep his crown, probably because of the influence of Warwick, who preferred to have a weak king. The situation soon changed, however. York and Warwick's father, the Earl of Salisbury, were killed in battle in December 1460, and on Feb. 17, 1461, the Lancastrians routed Warwick at St. Albans and regained possession of the king. Retreating, Warwick joined forces with York's son Edward; they entered London unopposed, and on March 4, 1461, Edward proclaimed himself king as Edward IV. Later that month Warwick and Edward won a decisive victory over the Lancastrians at Towton, Yorkshire. Although Warwick wielded the real power for the first three years of Edward's reign, gradually the king began to assert his independence. Warwick hoped to marry Edward to a French noblewoman--thereby gaining France as an ally--but Edward spoiled this scheme by secretly wedding Elizabeth Woodville in May 1464. Tensions between the two men mounted as Edward provided his wife's relatives with high state offices. Warwick then won to his side Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence. In August 1469 they seized and briefly detained the king and executed the queen's father and one of her brothers. A fresh revolt engineered by Warwick broke out in northern England in March 1470; after suppressing it, Edward turned on Warwick and Clarence, both of whom fled to France (April 1470). There Warwick was reconciled with his former enemy, Margaret of Anjou, Henry VI's wife. Returning to England in September 1470, he drove Edward into exile and put Henry VI on the throne. Once more Warwick was master of England. Edward landed in the north in March 1471, however, and on April 14 his troops killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD, 1996, WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, 1ST EARL OF]	NEVILLE, Richard "Kingmaker" Earl Of Warwick (I6984)
11163	The only wife of WILLIAM BALL supported by source evidence and connection is MARGARET WILLIAMSON. Please see the sources!! Capt. William Ball II and Margaret Williamson Ball had 9 children. There were 8 sons and only 1 daughter. The children were William, Richard, James, Joseph, George, David, Samuel, Stretchley and Margaret Ball, their only daughter. The Will of William BALL specifically names " my three eldest sons, William BALL, Richard BALL, and James BALL." Please see Will below for verification of this information Captain William Ball's Will (1641-1694) Inventories and Wills 8 Page 90, Lancaster Court Records (Probated November 2, 1694) In the name of God Amen I Capt. William Ball of the parish of St. Marys White Chapel in the County of Lancaster in Virginia being sick & weak in body but of sound & Perfect memory Praised be ye Almighty God for the same & considering the frailty of this life being but a blast I doe make this my Last Will and Testament in manner and form Following hereby revoking and making Void all other Will or Wills formerly by me made sealed or published. First I give my soule to God that gave it me & commit my body to the Earth to be burried in decent order at the Discretion on my Executors hereafter named in hope and true confidence that I shall have a joyful resurrection at the Last day thru the merits of my most dear & precious redeemer the Lord Jesus Christ. I give unto my dear wife all and every part of this 270 acres of Land whereupon I now Live with all the housing & appearances thereunto belonging and also my mill hereon standing during her Natural life and also full Power to plant, make and manure for her own use a Plantation if she please on every other Parcel of Land hereafter by me hereby given & my will is that she bring up my dear Children until they be 16 yrs. Of age in Writing, Reading & that they may be under the tuition of my sons William and Richard, and that whenever the said mill be out of repair my will is that my said sons William Ball & Richard Ball give their assistance to mend repaire or new build her and that they be paid for their paines as the mill earns it. I give unto my said sons William Ball & Richard Ball all my Tract lyeing in this Neck next to Richard Cundiffs being about 950 acres to be equally divided between them provided they acquit all their right which they or either of them may possibly have of any and to that Divident of Land in Richmond County nest above Perpetua Creek being about 1,000 acres on which my Quarter Plantation now is unto their two brothers Joseph Ball & George Ball then I do give unto my said sons William Ball and Richard Ball to them and their heirs forever all and every part of the above said 950 acres of Land Lying in this Neck next Richard Cundiffs as aforesaid but if my said two sons William Ball & Richard Ball molest their two brothers Joseph Ball & George Ball in their Quiet Possession at any time or times hereafter either them or their heirs in the said 1,000 acres of Land at Perpetua Creek where my Quarter now is that I then do hereby give my said two sons Joseph Ball & George Ball and their heirs all and every part & Parcel of that 950 acres before hereby given unto my two sons William Ball & Richard Ball as aforesaid. I give unto my two sons Joseph Ball & George Ball to them and their heirs all and every part & parcel of that Divident of Land in Richmond County whereon my quarter now is near the head of Perpetua Creek to be Equally divided between them. I give unto my four sons (viz) James Ball, David Ball, Stretchley Ball & Samuel Ball to them and their heirs forever all and every part of my upper divident of land being 1600 acres more or less Lying in Richmond County above Mr. James Harrison's to be equally divided between them. I give unto my dear Daughter Margaret Ball and to her and her heirs forever all that and every part & Parcel of the Divident whereon my mother Lives at the mouth of Corratomon being about 350 acres more to bee laid out of my ajoyning Divident next to the Plantation that James Wood lives on only reserving to my dear (wife or mother?) one third part of all the sider made thereon clear of all charge making & cask. I give to my said son William Ball a man serv't named Luke Dickson and a Negro man named Robin. ---- James Canady & Sarah and a Silver salt siller, Tankard & drinking Cup of Silver and which of my Cups she shall make Choice of. I give unto my son William all the residue of my cups after my dear wife hath her choice of one. I give to my son James Ball two slaves called Dominy & Kate and a boy and a girle. I give to my son David Ball a girle slave called Poll. I give to my daughter Margaret Ball two slave girls called Hannah & Betty that's at mother's. I give unto my son Stretchley Ball a girl Slave called Saran. I give unto my son Samuel Ball a girl slave called Doll. The rest of my white servants and slaves not before hereby given. being Cox. Scotch, Tom, Betty & her mulatto child, 3 negroe women called Doll & Betty & Bess at mother's. I give unto my three eldest sons, viz., William Ball, Richard Ball, and James Ball in consideration that they be at the charge of bringing up and maintaining their three youngest brothers. I give and Bequeath unto my said sons William & Richard Ball 2/6s part of all the rest of my estate not hereby before given Desiring them to take all the care they can of their dear mother. And the residue of all my estate whereon had, found or being not before hereby given. I give to be equally divided between my dear children here named, James, Joseph, David, George, Margaret, Stretchley & Samuel after their mother's decease but my will is that my dear wife have the use of it During her Natural Life. I doe make & Ordaine my son William Ball and my son Richard Ball the executors of this my last Will and testament and my loving Brother Captain David Fox and my loving friends Mr. George Heale & Mr. Edwin Conway the overseers of this my last will and testament. In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my hand & seale this 28th day of Sept 1694. William Ball (Seal) Signed, sealed & Published in Presence of Abraham Taylor, George Hinch, Edwin Conway CHESEBRO' records state: It is not positively known that William married three times. His marriage to Margaret Downman is confirmed. The other marriages have the authority of long accepted tradition. Issue is by third marriage (Margaret Downman). [SOURCE: Larry Chesebro' - Email: [email protected]] Captain William BALL, Jr. inherited Millenbeck. He took an active part in the public affairs of Virginia. In 1687 he was appointed to lay off the boundary between Lancaster and Northumberland Counties. He was a Justice in 1680 and at various times from 1682-1688 he was a Burgess from Lancaster County. William's WILL was made 28 Sept 1694 - probated 4 Nov 1694. [SOURCE: CHESEBRO' GENEALOGY - Larry Chesebro'] Please verify / prove information and notify contributor of corrections / errors. Information amassed from various sources - family records, official publications & documents, gedcom files from relatives, etc.	BALL, Capt. William Jr. (I594767998)
11164	The origins of the Douglas family are lost in the mists of time. It is said that "In the margin, about one-third into The Book of Clan Douglas, Volume III, are written the words: `This is about the time when the Earth began'." (Mary Murray, nee Mary Douglas, of Earltown: 1991). Perhaps, at the time when surnames were first used, a family took the name of the river that flows though what became known as Douglasdale, possibly descendants of Flemish settlers. There is the following tradition in regard to the origin of the name. In the year 770 Solvathius king of Scotland, obtained a victory over Donald Bain of the Western Isles, by the assistance of a man who was unknown to him. After the battle, being desirous to see one who had done him so signal a service, he was pointed out to him with these words: " Sholto Dhuglass," behold that swarthy man. One of this family, Sir William Douglas, entered into the service of Charlemagne and was the founder of the family of Douglassi in Tuscany." William Douglas I of Douglas Also Known As:"12657", "Lord of Douglas" Birth estimated between 1137 and 1165 Died 1214 in Lanarkshire, Scotland Immediate Family: Son of Theobald le Fleming and Kersdale de Moravia Husband of Margaret Kersdale Douglas Father of William Douglas; Hugh Douglas, Archdeacon of Moray; Margaret Douglas; Archibald Douglas, 2nd Lord of Douglas; Alexander Douglas, Canon of Spynie and 3 others Occupation:Lord of Douglas source: geni.com	DOUGLAS, Sir William "Long Legs" (I28760)
11165	The Papers of the Honorable Samuel SWANN give his SWANN Family Genealogy, beginning with his grandparents; and then his father Colonel Thomas SWANN, his five wives and his 14 children. Thanks and appreciation to FS Patron DrJimMDPA for spending April 2017 at the Library of Congress to secure this information on the Colonel Thomas SWANN Family of Colonial Virginia. This record was personally written by the Honorable Samuel SWANN (1653-1707), son of Colonel Thomas SWANN and his second wife. The Honorable Samuel SWANN had moved to North Carolina where he served as Collector of His Majesty's Customs at Roanoke [North Carolina]. Samuel SWANN died in 1707 in Perquiman's County/ Albemarle, North Carolina. The Papers of the Honorable Samuel SWANN were in the possession of Captain T. A. ASHE of Raleigh, North Carolina, who allowed the papers to be printed and published in The Virginia Historical Magazine, XXVII, 153-156. Extract of the Record of the Honorable Samuel SWANN: "My grandmother, Judith Swann was born on the 5th day of February 1589, being Wednesday and died on the 16th day of March 1636 in the 47th year of her age and was buried at SWANN's Point [Surry County, Virginia]. My grandfather, William SWANN married again the 1st day of May 1637, and died the last of February in the 52nd year of his age and was buried at SWANN's Point [Surry County, Virginia]. Notes for William Swann: The Swanns are from Kent, England. Wiliam Swann and his wife, Judith, came to Jamestown in 1616 and had a son, Thomas, and then went back to England. William was a stockholder in the Virginia Company and was appointed Royal Customs Collector of Virginia. The Swanns finally settled permanently in Virginia in 1635. William was granted land across from Jamestown in Surry County. He purchased a farm which was Jordan's Point and named it Swann's Point which is still on the maps today. Virginia was going to build a bridge across the James River at this point, but a few relatives persuaded the State to turn Swann's Point into a wildlife reserve. William and Judith are buried there in the family graveyard. Thomas, the eldest son, inherited the land and became a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Tom's younger brother, Edward, was granted land in St. Mary's Co., MD and moved there in the 1650s. Col. Edward Swann married Susannah Heath and had 10 children. Edward had plots of land all over St Mary's/Charles County, and is presumed to have died after 1666.	SWANN, William (I10288)
11166	The Payne name is Norman in origin and is supposed to be a corruption of "Pagen", which was a term applied to the Tenth and Eleventh centuries, not only to individuals who were slow about embracing Christianity, but also to country people, in general, as being proverbially "slow". It was about this time in history that surnames came into use. The first that is known to have borne this name was "Pagen" of Domesday. He was a Norman who went over to England from Normandy in the time of Edward the Confessor, before the Norman Conquest. When William the Conquerer came, in 1066, Pagen's fortunes were greatly enhanced. Domeday Book, which was an enumeration of the estates of England, made in and about 1086, shows that Pagen held lands in sixteen counties, notes that he had the right to go "withersoever he would". He died at about this time, and left an eldest son, Edward who inherited his estates. ... ... The Paines and Paynes are the same Norman origin, but those who went to England with William the Conquerer did not Angelicize the name by changing the i to the y. The North Carolina branch of Paines are of the Ipswich, Massachusetts branch. The Roanoke, Virginia branch is also descended from this Ipswich branch. All other Virginians of this family are Paynes. (source - http://members.aol.com/CissieP/stuff.html)	PAGEN (I3112)
11167	THE PROBATE OF CAROLINE'S UNCLE, JAMES GOLDSBERRY SAYS THAT CAROLINE DIED LEAVING SEVERAL CHILDREN ALL DECEASED BUT POLLY.	CARNEY, Mary Caroline (I22696)
11168	The Roberts fam. Of Simsbury, Ct. By Frank Farnsworth Starr. Hartford, Ct. 1896. (54p.): 23, 29	PINNEY, Darius (I5947)
11169	The Savoy Palace in London was built in 1245 for Peter, Earl of Savoy and Richmond. It later became the palace of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and his heirs. (later site of the Savoy Theater of Gilbert & Sullivan fame ca. 1870's.)	DE SAVOIE, Earl Of Richmond Pierre Comte Earl Of Richmond (I970)
11170	The story became current that Fausta had accused Crispus of attempting to seduce her--hence Crispus' execution (326). Fausta, in turn, was denounced by the grief-stricken Helena and was executed shortly afterward. The means of execution: she was suffocated in an over-heated bath. Source: lorenfamily.com	ROMAN EMPIRE, Flavia Maxima Fausta Princess (I11089)
11171	The Trader	WATTS, "Trader" John "Forked Tongue" (I11696)
11172	The wife of GA Arthur Carney was Elizabeth Aderton of Rowan Co. NC per will of her father which identified her...I'm not sure but Arthur Carney of GA may have been from Rowan Co. NC Partial Documentation (more on file): 1761- P 495 Jacob Lockerman of St Johns Parish, to ARTHUR CARNEY. Bill of Sale dated 1761, for his stock of cattle in said parish, and two flats (Boats) Witnessess L James Aderton, George Noble. COMMENT: This sale witness, James Aderton confirms the ties our Arthur Carney with his wife Elizabeth Aderton and her family. P255 Marriage Contract dated Sept 22, 1763, between Cornelius Rain and Margaret Lucas, widow, whereby her property consisting of six negroes is to remain hers, free from any clam on his part of his liabilities. Witnesses ARTHUR CARNEY and Elizabeth Carney. Probated by Arthur Carney in St Johns Parish before Francis Lee. J. P. of said Parish. COMMENT: This marriage Contract probated by Arthur, and witnessed by him and his wife Elizabeth further his wife Elizabeth Aderton Elizabeth married George Arons when Arthur Seniour died, who also had similar views of her and her husband towards the war... George was also on the Banished list with the Carney's: REVOLUTIONARY RECORDS. M c Coy of S l Andrews, John Shave Jun'r , Richard Shave, Arthur Carney Sen'r his heirs devisees or Assigns, Arthur Carney Jun'r , William Dawson, of Newport ferry, Charles Watts Ship Carpenter of Colonels Island, Shepherd of Colonels Island, James Carson of South Carolina, William Clark, ?Sir Patrick Houstoun Baronet, John Martin Jakill, his heirs devisees or Assigns, James Kitchen, John William Williams, Reymond Demere Jun r , John Proctor, Daniel M c Girt, Tames M c Girt, George Arons. Other Sources: Over 500 pages of Notes, Records and Files at the Carney DNA Project Jim Carney www.avocadoridge.com/jim March 2010	ADERTON, Elizabeth (I112681171)
11173	The Will and Inventory of William Dodd, deceased Recorded Monday, 1 Apr 1861, minute book 23, page 330: proven by subscribing witness Benj. F. Bell. Copied from Will Book #1, page 527, Greene County, TN, Courthouse. I, William Dodd, being of sound mind, do this day make my last Will and Testament, and revoking all former wills and bequeaths, do by this will and bequeath as follows, to wit: 1st, I will that all my just debts be paid. 2nd, I will that those of my heirs who at this time reside upon the farm where I now live, shall live upon said farm as long as I live if they choose to do so, and at my death I will and bequeath the farm whereon I now live, jointly named of my children to be equally divided To Wit, Mary Dodd, John Dodd, Massa Henry, Sarah Campbell, Elizabeth Dodd, Serena Oliphant, Adam Dodd, Margaret Ann Oliphant, Lucinda Bell. 3rd, I will and bequeath to my daughter above named, Elizabeth, one bay mare named Tibs. 4th, I will to my daughter, Lucinda Bell, one Bay mare named Julia and her sucking colt. 5th, I will and bequeath also to my daughters Mary, Elizabeth, & Lucinda Bell equally to be divided between the three, all of my household and kitchen furniture, except the cupboard in the house, which I wish sold with all of my family utensils and the proceeds to be divided equally between Mary Dodd, Elizabeth Dodd, Margaret Oliphant and Lucinda Bell. 6th, I will and bequeath that whatever money or effects I may now, or may hereafter have not specified in this, shall be sold, and equally divided, or if money divided, among the above named nine children. 7th, I will and bequeath to Edward Dodd my son, the horse and ten dollars in money which I gave him some years ago, that being all the effects of my estate which I intend for him to have, and I further will and bequeath to my son Rudolphus Dodd, the two horses which I, sometime ago gave to him, they being all the effects of my estate that I intend for him to have. 8th, I will and appoint that Joseph Henry and John Dodd be the executors of this will. All erasures made before signed, whereunto I set my hand and seal this the seventeenth day of April 1856. William (his mark) Dodd Attest Benjn. F. Bell Thomas K. Alexander (Note: Joseph Henry was actually Joseph Hendry, husband of William's daughter Massey Dodd Hendry.) An inventory of the estate of Mr. Dodd dec'd. under his last will and testament at his late residence on 25 May 1861. William Dodd dec'd. 6 Jun 1861. M 23, p 351. 1/2 of a chest, 1 clock, 1 iron, 1 pot, 1 pair of chairs, 1 drawing knife, 1 pair of steelyard (?) to Elizabeth Dodd...$5.74 2 chests, 1 hocke sold to Thomas Thomason...$2.(?) 1 pair of geese, 1 saw, fork, and gauge to Samuel Oliphant...$8.(?) The foregoing is all the property that have come to my hands to be sold under the last will and testament of William Dodd dec'd and which is a true inventory by the same. May the 29th 1861. Signed Joseph Henry, Executor The Will & Testament of Wm. Dodd, Dec'd. (Note: Thomas Thomason was Lucinda Dodd Bell's second husband. Samuel Oliphant was the husband of Serena Dodd Oliphant. Elizabeth Dodd was William Dodd's daughter.)	DODD, Willliam (I5863)
11174	The WILL of Ann McCarty, made Nov 7, 1728, leaves a ring to Sarah (McCarty) Beale. [SOURCE: "Colonial Families of the United States" page 236] [LDK] WFT Vol.3, Ed.1, Pedigree # 3918 indicates Sarah m. Thomas BEALE on April 27,1728. This record states that there were no children of this couple. [LDK] Please verify / prove information and notify contributor of corrections / errors. Information amassed from various sources - family records, official publications & documents, gedcom files from relatives, etc.	MCCARTY, Sarah (I2649)
11175	The Will of Edward Harris, written 27 April 1733, filed for Probate 25 March 1734 Isle of Wight County, Virginia, Will book 3, pgs 391-392 In the Name of God Amen, I EDWARD HARRIS of the Upper Parish of Isle of Wight County being in perfect Mind & Memory and calling to mind that Mortality of my body And knowing that it is appointed for all men once to die do make and ordain this my Last Will & Testament commanding my Soul to Almighty God and my Body to ye Earth and As for my Worldly Estate which hereafter is expressed, I Give Devise and dispose of the Same in the following manner and form (viz) IMPRIMIS, I Give and bequeath unto my Loving son EDWARD HARRIS Two hundred and forty Acres of Land lying in the Isle of Wight County joining upon John Johnson ad John Turner their land it being a tract of Land granted by Patent to Thomas Harris my ffather and to him and his Heirs and Assigns for ever. ITEM I Give & Bequeath unto my son JACOB HARRIS one Tract of Land granted to me by Patent containing One Hundred & Ninety Acres lying in the Isle of Wight County on the flat Swamp on Maherin River to him and his Heirs & Assigns for ever. ITEM I Give & Bequeath unto my two sons Nathan Harris and West Harris Two Hundred and fifty Acres of Land granted to me by Patent and lying on the North side of Warwick Branch and joining to the plantation whereon I now dwell to be equally divided between them both (viz) Nathan the Upper part and West the Lower part to them and their Heirs & Assigns for ever. ITEM I Give & Bequeath unto my son DANIEL HARRIS the Land and plantation I now dwell containing by estimation Two Hundred & fifty acres more or less to him and his heirs and Assigns for ever. ITEM I Give and Bequeath to my daughter ANN HARRIS the featherbed which she usualy lyeth on and the furniture thereunto belonging and two pewter Dishes and one linen wheel. ITEM I Give and Bequeath unto my Son NATHAN HARRIS one feather bed and the furniture thereunto belonging and One Gun one great Iron pott and one sword. ITEM I Give and Bequeath unto my Son WEST HARRIS the featherbed he usualy lyeth on himself and the furniture thereunto belonging and one gun and one Iron pott and one brass kettle and one chest. ITEM I give unto my son DANIEL HARRIS the feather bed that I usualy lyeth on myself and the furniture thereunto belonging and All my coopers Tools and one set of iron wedges and one iron pot containing three gallons and one crosscut saw. ITEM I give unto my daughter MARTHA WILLIAMSON one linen spinning wheel. ITEM I give and bequeath unto my four sons JAMES, NATHAN, WEST and DANIEL all of my pewter as dishes basons, porrigers, plates and tankards, to be equally divided amongst the all. ITEM I Give and bequeath unto my loving wife MARY HARRIS all the rest of my estate during her life and then to be equally divided amongst my children that may be them living.. I desire also that the crop which is upon the ground at my death or just made be equally divided amongst my children that shall help to make up or sow the said crop. I also do appoint and ordain my son NATHAN HARRIS to be my only and sole executor of this my last will and testament, and ratifying and confirming this and no other to be my last will and testament. In witness thereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 27th day of April Anno Domini 1733. EDWARD E. H. HARRIS Signed Sealed and Delivered in the presence of Thomas Atkinson John J H Harris Edward Harris Profile 97XK-759 Source created by Tom King, that Family Search created 12 Apr 2012 This is the original Edward Harris d1734 Profile created by Family Search on 12 Apr 2012. ACCEPT NO SUBSTITUTES OR COPIES. Will Book 3 Page391 VAIOW-WL1 p. 120 VAIOW-WL1 p. 30, father THOMAS HARRIS dated 14 Mar 1688 VAIOW-WL1 p. 44, father-in-law JOHN TURNER dated 25 Mar 1705; VAIOW-DE3 p. 138, 540 acres in Isle of Wight County on the S. VAIOW-DE1 p. 123, to ROBERT HARRIS, 240 acres on the south side VAIOW-DE2 p. 2, JOHN BATTIN, JAMES EDWARDS, Mr. PIERSELL, JAMES VAIOW-DE2 p. 20, from ANTHONY HERRING and wife BRIDGET, to VACAP-DE3 p. 306, 250acres in Isle of Wight County on S. side VACAP-DE3 p. 409, 180 acres in Isle of Wight County on the N. VAIOW-WL1 p. 120, dated 27 Apr 1733, recorded 25Mar 1734; VAIOW-WL1 p. 142, dated 27 Jul 1741, MARY (TURNER) HARRIS presented Thomas Harris, Jr. (1638-1687) md Ann Martin; was father of Edward Harris Thomas appears not to have moved to Isle of Wight until after his father's death in 1672. His father bequeathed him one-half of the land on which he lived and requested he live upon it, and also 280 acres which he bought of "the Indian town." Thomas Harris received a grant in Isle of Wight of 183 acres in 1685 (Book 7, p. 441). His will was made March 14, 1687. It was recorded Oct. 7, 1688 (Will Book 2, Part 2, p.285) . He was sick and weak, and it was signed with his mark. Edward, his eldest son, was married, but appeared to be living with his father. He said in his will Robert Harris was to live with John Fulgham three years, his son George was to live with John Turner four years, Martinto remain with his brother Edward Harris six years, son William to live with Bridgman Joyner seven years, daughter Ann to live with Mrs. Ann Sharpe seven years if Mrs. Sharpe shall live so long, Edward, executor, overseer Mr. John Fulgham and Rr. John Turner. Note: The Meherrin River is along today's N. C. border directly south of Richmond, VA John Turner was the father-in-law ie:Mary Turner's father George Harris (brother of Edward) was to live with John Turner from 1687 by will of Thomas Harris, Jr. See above information. At this time don't know who the Thomas Atkinson witness was. The John Harris witness was undoubtedly his brother (1665-1764). md Mary Drew THE WILL OF EDWARD HARRIS, SON OF THHOMAS HARIS AND FATHER OF NATHAN. NATHAN HARRIS, EXECUTOR IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN. I, EDWARD OF THE UPPER PARISH OF THE ISLE OF WRIGHT COUNTY(VA.) BEING IN PERFECT MIND & MEMORY AND CALLING TO MIND THE MORTALITY OF MY BODY AND KNOWING THAT IT IS APPOINTED FOR A MEN ONE DIE DO MAKE & ORDAIN THIS MY LAST WILL & TESTAMENT COMMITTING MY SOUL TO ALMIGHTY GOD AND MY BODY TOYE EARTH AND AS FOR MY WORLDY ESTATE WHICH HEREAFTER IS EXPRESSED I GIVE DEVISE & DISPOSE OF THE SAME IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER AND FORM (VIZ) IMPRIMIS I GIVE AND BEQUEATH UNTO MY LOVING SON EDWARD HARRIS TWO HUNDRED & FORTY ACRES OF LANDLYING IN THE ISLE OF WRIGHT COUNTY JOINING UPON JOHN JOHNSON AND JOHN TURNER THEIR LAND, IT BEING A TRACT OF LAND GRANTED BY PATENT TO THOMAS HARRIS MY FATHER TO HIM AND HIS HEIRS AND ASSIGNS FOREVER. ITEM. I GIVE & BEQUEATH UNTO MY SON JACOB HARRIS ONE TRACT OF LAND GRANTED TO ME BY PATENT CONTAINING ONE HUNDRED& NINETY ACRES LYING IN THE ISLE OF WRIGHT COUNTY ON THE FLATT SWAMP ON MAHERIN RIVER TO HIM AND HIS HEIRS AND ASSIGNS FOREVER. ITEM. I GIVE & BEQUEATH UNTO MY TWO SONE NATHAN HARRIS & WEST HARRIS TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY ACRES OF LAND GRANTED TO ME BY PATENT AND LYING ON THE NORTH SIDE OF WARWICK Branch AND JOININGTO THE PLANTATION WHEREON I NOW DWELL TO BE EQUALLY DIVIDED BETWEEN THEM BOTH (VIZ) NATHAN THE UPPER PART AND WEST THE LOWER PART TO THEM AND THEIR HEIRS & ASSIGNSS FOR EVER. ITEM. I GIVE AND BEQUEATH UNTO MY SON DANIEL HARRIS THE LAND &PLANTATION WHEREON I NOW DWELL CONTAINING BY ESTIMATION TWO HUNDERD AND FIFTY ACRES MORE OR LESS TO HIM AND HIS HEIRS AND ASSIGNS FOREVER. ITEM. I GIVE AND BEQUEATH TO MY DAUGHTER ANN HARRIS THE FEATHER BED WHICH SHE USALLY LYETH AN ANDTHE FURITURE THEREUNTO BELONGING AND TWO PEWTER D	HARRIS, Edward Sr. (I1540)
11176	The Will of ELIAS HARRIS, doesn't say who he is, but assume he is brother of GIDEON and son of NATHAN, since it with this group of wills. THE WILL OF ELIAS HARRIS, dated 1788 In the name of God, Amen. I ELIAS HARRIS of the County of Halifax in the State of No. Carolina, being indisposed in body, but thro God's mercy am in my perfect sound sences & memory, thought fit as to what worldly goods it hath pleased God to bestow on me, to dispose of in the following manner. Viz: Item...It is my will & desire that my Exrs. should out of my Estate discharge all of my just Debts. Item...I give and bequeath to my Daughter SALLY POPE, Twenty shillings current money. Item...I give and bequeath to my Daughter LUCY BLANTON, Twenty shillings current money. Item...I give to omyson ASIA HARRIS, Twenty shillings Current money. Item... I give and bequeath to my son ABNER HARRIS, a Gray colt Known by the name of Jack, a saddle & bridle & saddle cloth, also a genteel suit of Clothes & Twenty shillings Current money to him & his heirs forever. Item... I give and bequeath to my four daughters, Viz: Frances , CATHERINE, PHEBE & MARY HARRIS, a horse bridle & saddle, afeather bed & furniture, a cow & calf, a pair of cards & spinning wheel, a pewter bason, dish & three plates, an Iron pot & frying pan each.--Each of them to be furnished with the Articles above specifyed out of my Estate by my Executors when they should marry or arrive to the age of twenty one years, to them, their Heirs & assigns forever. Item...I give & bequeath to my two sons HUGH & ARTHUR HARRIS a Horse, bridle & saddle & Saddle Cloth, also a Genteel Suit of Clothes and fifty Silver Dollars, each. Each of them to be furnished with the articles above specified out of my Estate by my Executors when they should marry or arrive at the age of twenty one years to them & their Heirs forever. Item...My Will & desire is, that all the remaining part of my Estate not heretofore given away, but of what kind or Quality soever, should be continued with my loving wife SILVA, during her natural life, at the discretion & directionof my Executors for the schooling of my two Sons HUGH & ARTHUR HARRIS, three years each, for the support of her my loving Wife & Children to be raised on.And my desire is after the death of my loving Wife SILVA, that all of my Estate then remaining be it of what kind or Quality soever should be sold by my Executors & the money arrising from that sale to be equally divided among my Children. Item... i do hereby appoint my two Brothers, ISAAC HARRIS & HOWELL HARRIS, my Wife SILVA & my Son ARTHUR HARRIS my whole & sole Executors of this mylast Will and Testament. In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand & seal this the 16th day of October, 1788. ELIAS HARRIS [Seal] Signed, sealed &delivered in the presence of ROE HARRIS WM. ALLEN HENRY SOUTHALL HalifaxCounty, November Sessions 1788 then this Will was Exhibited in Open Court & duly proved by the oaths of WM. ALLEN & HENRY SOUTHALL two of the Subscribing witnesses thereto and on Motion ordered to be registered. Whereon SILVA HARRIS& ABNER HARRIS qualified as Executors thereto. Teste. WM. WORTHEN, C. Ct. A True Copy. Attest: STERLING M. GARY, Clerk Superior court August 9, 1913 Will book Vol.3, Page 156 Ann Harris Please send any corrections oradditions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr. <[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference number so I can get to the correct person in my data base. NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you must do your own research to validate data. It contains theories and facts from many sources and is only a starting point for your own research.	HARRIS, Elias (I29223)
11177	The will of Elizabeth Palmer of Boston, Massachusetts includes Alice Covell and Elizabeth's son-in-law, Joseph Covell. The will was dated 6 Dec 1717. Alice Palmer Covell was alive on 25 Jun 1733 when she gave up her rights of dower in a quit-claim deed transfer initiated by her children, Jospeh Jr., and Steohen. The property was quit claimed to the three daughters, Elizabeth Covell Philips, Alice Covell Grover and Sarah Covell Ross. Information on this individual was obtained from the genealogical records of Carolyne Kephart Gould via Rootsweb. Her Genealogy Home page is: http://www.angelfire.com/tx/carolynegenealogy/ The full family tree is available at Rootsweb: database "carolynegould"	PALMER, Alice (I112678007)
11178	The will of John Harris; born c. 1665; and died in 1712 in the Chowan precinct of the old Albermarle County of North Carolina. This old Albermarle County is no longer in existence. This John Harris was a son of the Thomas Harris; born c. 1636	HARRIS, John Sr. (I1571)
11179	The will of Richard Carrier, dated 3 Dec 1734, proved 3 July 1750 mentions wife Thankful, sons John, Timothy and Amos, daughters Elizabeth wife of Nathaniel Pinney of Windsor, Mehitabel wife of Benjamin Wentworth, Hannah Carrier, Thankful wife of Ebenezer Phillemore and Remembrance wife of Curtis Cleveland. Since it appears that Richard listed his sons and daughters in the order of their births, Elizabeth was probably born prior to 1699 when Timothy's birth was recorded at Colchester, Connecticut. She may have been born in Andover, MA, as Richard is said to have been the son of Thomas and Martha Carrier of Andover, Martha having been executed as a witch at Salem Village	CARRIER, Elizabeth (I28292)
11180	The will of Richard Carrier, dated 3 Dec 1734, proved 3 July 1750 mentions wife Thankful, sons John, Timothy and Amos, daughters Elizabeth wife of Nathaniel Pinney of Windsor, Mehitabel wife of Benjamin Wentworth, Hannah Carrier, Thankful wife of Ebenezer Phillemore and Remembrance wife of Curtis Cleveland. Since it appears that Richard listed his sons and daughters in the order of their births, Elizabeth was probably born prior to 1699 when Timothy's birth was recorded at Colchester, Connecticut. She may have been born in Andover, MA, as Richard is said to have been the son of Thomas and Martha Carrier of Andover, Martha having been executed as a witch at Salem Village	CARRIER, Richard (I28498)
11181	The William and Rose Bond Family Richard, the eldest son, purchased the estate of King's Walden in Hertfordshire, and died in 1630. His son "William succeeded him, and died in August, 1634, aged sixty-six. He left nine children: Richard, born in 1596; William, in 1597; Rowland, his heir; George, born July 30th, 1601; Alicia, in 1603; Winefreda, 1604; Thomas, 1606; Anne, 1609, and Dionisia, March 17th, 1611. The last-mentioned Thomas is supposed to be the Thomas Hale who came to Newbury." "Genealogy of descendants of Thomas Hale of Walton, England, and of Newbury, Mass." EDITED BY GEORGE R. HOWELL, M. A., ALBANY, N. Y.: WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS.	BOND, Rose (I594766300)
11182	The WILLS of Luke Billington and his wife Barbara, of Rappahannock County, Virginia, were proved respectively in 1672 and 1674, and mentioned their children: Luke, who died s.p.; Elitie (Alicia); Elizabeth, who married Daniel McCarty; Jane; Barbara, who married William Joseph Tayloe/Taylor; and Mary, who married (???) Daniel. [SOURCE: "Ancestral Records and Portraits", Vol 2, page 817 - FTM GenealogyLibrary] [LDK]	BILLINGTON, Luke (I2707)
11183	Theodemir was executed with his mother.	FRANKS, Theodemir Of Toxandrie (Chief Of The Franks) (I8550)
11184	Theodora was the step-daughter of the emperor Maximianus, and thusputting aside Helena and marrying her (probably in about 289) made goodpolitical sense for Constantius Chlorus. Constantius became Caesar on hisfather-in-law's abdication. Theodora's marriage did, of course, gain herchildren and grand-children the enmity of St. Helena, who long outlivedher rival. Theodora bore Constantius six children, including a daughter Anastasia("Resurrection"), whose name is offered as evidence by those proposingConstantius I Chlorus as a Christian, or at least a Christiansympathizer. Among her other children was a son Julius Constantius, thefather of Gallus and Julian. She was half-sister to Constantine I's wife,Fausta. From Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University - Theodora (wife of Constantius I Chlorus) - Theodora was the eldestdaughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius and his wifeEutropia. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship betweenhimself and Herculius when Maximianus Herculius appointed him as hisCaesar (junior emperor) in the west with the right of succession on 1March 293, Constantius I put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora.She bore him six children: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius,Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. Bibliography - Barnes, T.D . Constantine and Eusebius,, Cambridge, 1980. ________. New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, 1981. Jones, A.H.M. J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris. "Theodora 1." theProsopography of the Later Roman Empire, (Cambridge, 1971), 1.895. Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents, including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact.	Theodora (I26186)
11185	Theodosius I, byname Theodosius the Great, in full Flavius Theodosius (b.11 Jan 347, Cauca (Coca), Gallaecia - d. 17 Jan 395 Mediolanum (Milan)),Roman emperor of the East (379-392) and then sole emperor of both Eastand West (392-395), who, in vigorous suppression of paganism andArianism, established the creed of the Council of Nicaea (325) as theuniversal norm for Christian orthodoxy and directed the convening of thesecond general council at Constantinople (381) to clarify the formula. Theodosius was born in the province of Gallaecia in northwestern Spain.His father was to become the general Flavius Theodosius; his mother'sname is unknown. His grandparents, like his parents, were probablyalready Christians. Theodosius, who grew up in Spain, did not receive anextensive education but was intellectually open-minded and acquired aspecial interest in the study of history. While on his father's staff, he participated in his campaigns against thePicts and Scots in Britain in 368-373, against the Alemanni in Gaul in370, and against the Sarmatians in the Balkans in 372-373. As a militarycommander in Moesia, a Roman provence on the lower Danube, he defeatedthe Sarmatians in 374. When his father was sentenced to death andexecuted as a result of political intrigues by enemies at court,Theodosius withdrew to his Spanish estates. At the end of 376, hemarried Aelia Facilla, also a Spaniard. His first son, the futureemperor Arcadius, was born in 377, and his daughter Pulcheria in 378. Immediately after the catastrophic defeat of the emperor Valens, whoperished at the hands of the Visigoths and other barbarians on 9 Aug 378,near Adrianople, the emperor Gratian unexpectedly summoned Theodosius tohis court. When Theodosius had once again proved his military ability bya victory over the Sarmatians, Gratian proclaimed him co-emperor on 19Jan 379. His dominion was to be the eastern part of the empire,including the provinces of Dacia (present-day Romania) and Macedonia,which had been especially infiltrated by barbarians in the preceding fewyears. In 383, Maximus, a Spaniard who had been proclaimed emperor by the troopsin Britain asserted himself as ruler in the Western provinces(praefectura Galliarum). Suspicions that Theodosius was in collusionwith the usurper and thus implicated int he death of Emperor Gratian inAugust 282 are unfounded. Theodosius, who had to acknowledge thesovereignty of Gratian's stepbrother Valentinian II, born in 371 and thenominal ruler in Italy since the end of 375, could not interfere withMaximus, for he lacked both sufficient military strength and secureborders. Yet, when Maximus invaded Italy in 387 and Valentinian wasforced to flee to Thessalonica, Theodosius soon decided uponcoutermeasures. His decision was perhaps hastened throught the influenceof Valentinian's mother, whose daughter Galla he had married at the endof 387, having been a widower since 386. Theodosius' position by that time had become stronger. Long-standingnegotiations with the Persians over the division of power in Armenia hadresulted in a treaty that was to become the basis for a long period ofpeace on the eastern border. Having ordered one army division from Egyptto Africa and sent Valentinian with a fleet to Italy, Theodosius set outin the spring of 388 with the main body of troops to move againstMaximus' army, which had invaded Pannonia in the Balkans. By July theenemy was defeated. When Maximus surrendered at the end of August he wasbranded as a usurper, but his followers were generally treated withleniency. In the same year, Theodosius again relinquished the West to hisco-emperor Valetinian but secured his own influence by pacing theFrankish general Arbogast, a man he trusted, at Valentinian's side asgeneral adviser. By remaining in Italy until the spring of 391, where heresided mostly in Milan, Theodosius emphasized his claim to supremeauthority throughout the empire. In 389 he visitied Rome, where,accompanied by his four-year-old son Honorius, he mad a triumphant entry. A new crisis arose for Theodosius three months after Valentinian's deathon 15 May 392. Arbogast treacherously proclaimed as emperor of the Westa former rhetoric teacher, Eugenius, who had close connections with thepagan aristocracy of the Senate. Theodosius, who did not yet dare risk acivil war, delayed reception of a legation requesting recognition ofArbogast's puppet. On 8 Nov 392, he made his edicts of 391 morestringent by completely prohibiting the worship of the pagan gods. Heleft no further doubts as to his position when he elevated his sonHonorius to Augustus in January 393 and thereby demonstrated that hewould no longer tolerate any emperor other than himself and his sons.Because he still refrained from military action, his enemies occupiedItaly in the spring of 393. Led by Nicomachus Flavianus, the forcesstriving to preserve the pagan cults gathered around Eugenius. The now inevitable struggle for power was thus at the same time astruggle that would decide whether pagan religions would once again betolerated within the empire alongside Christianity. Theodosius did noset out from Constantinople until May 394. As in 388, he made his waytoward Danube and then the Sava with his powerful army. His forceconsisted largely of barbarians and their allies, one of whose leaderswas Stilicho, a Vandal who had been married since 384 to the Emperor'sniece Serena. Theodosius' sons Arcadius and Honorius stayed behind inthe capital. Arcadius, who had been given the right to promulgate lawsindependently, was supposed to direct the government in the East. Theodosius first met the enemy at the Frigidus River on the easternborder of Italy. Although Theodosius' advance guard, comprised almostentirely of Visigoths, suffered heavy losses during an attemptedbreakthrough on 5 Sep 394, the emperor ventured to attack the followingday and was victorious. Later Christian tradition, emphasizingTheodosius' piety and trust in God, essentially interpreted the victoryas a divine judgement: the god of the Christians had triumphed over theold Roman gods. Following the deaths of Eugenius, Arbogast, andNicomachus Flavianus, Theodosius showed himself lenient and strove toachieve the settlement between opposing forces that was necessary tostrengthen imperial unity. Probably as a result of the exertion of the campaign, Theodosius fellill. He went to Milan, where he summoned Honorius in order to presenthim formally as Augustus of the West. Because Theodosius had appeared torecover, his death in January 395 was generally unexpected. On hisdeathbed he had entrusted Stilicho, promoted to generalissimo after thevictory at the Frigidus, with the care of his two sons. From Ambrose'sfuneral oration, filled with praise of the Christian ruler, it is evidentthat contemporaries had no doubt as to the continuing unity of theempire, for the question of succession seemed to have been settled in thebest possible way. Yet, all too soon it was to become apparent thatTheodosius had not chosen his advisers with sufficient care and that themen who were guiding the sickly Arcadius were unwilling to cooperate withStilicho, who remained loyal to the dynasty. After his death,Theodosius' body was borne in state to Constantinople and interred in themausoleum erected by Constantius II. [Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1995] From David Woods, University College of Cork: Origin and Early Career - Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spainin about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called todistinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a seniormilitary officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become themagister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier,Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seemsto have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately,great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had himhailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens atSirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retirehome to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter,but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded inmystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and muchspeculation has centred on the relationship between these events. Ageneral consensus seems to have emerged, however, that the future emperorwas forced into retirement shortly after the execution of his father atCarthage in Africa during the winter of 375/6. The same courtfaction which had engineered the death of his father managed to persuadeValentinian to dismiss him also, or so the consensus goes. Thisinterpretation of events is incorrect, however, not least because itplaces far too much trust in a number of unreliable sources. The answer to the mystery surrounding Theodosius' forced retirement liesin Ammianus' description of a severe defeat which Sarmatian raidersinflicted upon Roman forces in the province of Valeria in late 374 whenthey almost annihilated a legio Moesiaca, i.e. a legion from Moesia, anda legio Pannonica, i.e. a legion from Pannonia. These legions hadbeen sent to intercept a party of Sarmatians who had been pursuing asenior Roman officer named Aequitius deep into Roman territory, and wouldundoubtedly have triumphed had they acted together. But they failed toco-operate, and their quarrelling allowed the Sarmatians to catch themunprepared, defeating the legion from Moesia first, then the legion fromPannonia. Valentinian's reaction to this defeat can best be judged fromhis reaction to an earlier defeat which the Alamanni had managed toinflict on his forces in Gaul during the spring of 365. He soughtout those who had been the first to turn and run before the enemy andblamed them for the subsequent defeat. He ordered the unit in question -the Batavi - to be stripped of their weapons and sold into slavery, andit took the whole army to persuade him to relent. In this instance, thefirst of the two units to break and run had been the legion from Moesia.Hence Valentinian would have held their commanding officer responsiblefor the wider defeat, and, as the dux Moesiae Primae, Theodosius was theofficer ultimately responsible for this unit. Hence Valentinian dismissedTheodosius and sent him home to Cauca in Spain in the same manner, andfor the same reason, that the emperor Constantius II had dismissedValentinian himself in 357, or the magister equitum per Gallias Marcellusin the same year. He had found him guilty of cowardice. The best explanation for the death of Theodosius the Elder is that he hadtried to intervene on behalf of his son, and Valentinian had had himexecuted as a result, most probably during the early new year of375. His son regained his commission within the army only followingthe death of Valentinian himself on 17 November 375. He seems to haveobtained a position similar to that which he had originally held at hisdismissal, that of dux Valeriae perhaps. He campaigned against theSarmatians again in 376, during which he was promoted as the magistermilitum per Illyricum. He remained as magister militum perIllyricum from 376 until 19 January 379 when the western emperor Gratianappointed him to succeed his eastern colleague Valens who had been killedat the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. The fact that Gratian chosehim as his new colleague does not necessarily mean that he enjoyed aparticularly good reputation as the best general of his day. Gratian hadeffectively been forced to choose him since he seems to have been themost senior officer of Roman birth available to him at the time. Foreign Policy - The problem confronting Theodosius immediately upon hisaccession was how to check the Goths and their allies who were continuingto ravage the Balkans. One difficulty was that they had spreadbeyond the diocese of Thrace into the dioceses of Macedonia and Dacia inthe prefecture of Illyricum, which had traditionally belonged to thewestern empire. The result was that Gratian surrendered the threedioceses of the prefecture of Illyricum to the temporary control ofTheodosius for the duration of the Gothic crisis, while he himselfreturned to Trier in Gaul. The date of this transfer is disputed,but it seems to have come into formal effect at the beginning of the newtax year on 1 September 379 and may be presumed to have ended on 31August 382. This left Theodosius in control of the entire theatre ofoperations. Theodosius left Sirmium, the site of his accession, forThessalonica in Macedonia which remained his base for the campaignseasons of 379 and 380. Gratian had transferred some of his own officersand men to Theodosius in order to assist him in his efforts to rebuildthe eastern field-armies, which had been shattered at the Battle ofAdrianople. These transfers included his comes domesticorum Richomer, whobecame Theodosius' magister peditum praesentalis, a post which heretained until his death by illness in late 392. We are poorly informed about the exact sequence of events during theGothic war, but Theodosius' "general" Modares appears to have inflictedan important defeat upon the Goths somewhere in Thrace in 379.Theodosius proved himself willing to recruit one group of barbarians intohis army to use against the other groups who remained hostile, but thiswas a risky strategy. In order to reduce the risk, Theodosius transferredsome of these fresh barbarian recruits to Egypt in return for some of theexperienced Roman troops stationed there, during late 379apparently. Nevertheless, a large number of his new recruitsappeared to have defected to the other side during the course of hiscampaign in 380, so that he suffered at least one serious reverse. Heleft Thessalonica and entered Constantinople for the first time on 24November 380. He was to remain in Constantinople, or its immediatevicinity, until late 387. During the winter of 380/1 he wrote to Gratianfor his help against the Goths in Illyricum, and Gratian replied first bysending his "generals" Bauto and Arbogast against them, then by taking tothe field himself. They appear to have succeeded in driving theGoths and their allies from Illyricum and back into Thrace during 381.Theodosius, however, did enjoy a propaganda coup when the Gothicchieftain Athanaric surrendered to him at Constantinople on 11 January381, although he died only two weeks later. Theodosius finallyreached a settlement with the remainder of the Goths on 3 October382. The exact terms of this settlement have not been preserved,but it is clear that the Goths were granted the right to settle largeamounts of land along the Danube frontier in the diocese of Thrace andenjoyed an unusual degree of autonomy. Many came to serve in theRoman army, but the terms of their service remain unclear. Manyvolunteered to serve on a full-time professional basis, while more wereobliged to serve only for the duration of a specific campaign. Theresults were that the Goths who settled within the empire remained aconstant threat to its internal stability. A substantial number of Gothictroops defected to the side of Magnus Maximus when Theodosius joined hisforces with those of the young Valentinian II at Thessalonica in 387 inpreparation for their joint campaign westwards against Maximus.These hid in the rough country about Thessalonica until Theodosiusmanaged to drive them back into Thrace during his return from the West in391, where they remained a threat as late as 392 when they managed tokill the "general" Promotus. One of their emerging leaders, Alaric,participated in Theodosius' campaign against Eugenius in 394, only toresume his rebellious behaviour against Theodosius' son and easternsuccessor, Arcadius, shortly thereafter. Nor did the external threatcease. The "general" Promotus won a notable victory for Theodosius in 386when he defeated an attempt by Odotheus and his Greuthungian Goths toforce their way across the Danube. The East remained relatively quiet under Theodosius. The Saracensrejected their previous treaty of 377 with the Romans and resumed theirraids once more along the frontier from Arabia to Syria in 383apparently. We do not know the reason for this revolt, but themagister peditum praesentalis Richomer appears to have crushed it in butone campaign that year. As a result, the Salihids replaced the Tanukhidsas the dominant group among Rome's Saracen foederati. As for thePersians, Theodosius maintained good relations with a rapid succession ofPersian kings during his reign. Armenia remained a potential source ofconflict between the two powers until they reached agreement upon thedivision of this country in 387 when Theodosius sent his magister militumper Orientem Stilicho on an embassy to the Persian court. Inaccordance with this agreement, the pro-Roman king Arsak retainedpossession of the western part of the country, while the pro-Persian kingKhosro retained possession of the eastern part. Civil Wars - Theodosius fought two bloody civil wars in quick successionagainst the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius. Magnus Maximus was afellow Spaniard who even claimed to be a relative of Theodosiushimself. Like Theodosius, he was also a pious Catholic. Hence therewas no deep ideological differences between the two. Magnus Maximus hadbeen the commander of a field army in Britain in 383 when he had led histroops back to Gaul in an attempt to seize power. He forced Gratianto flee from an initial encounter near Paris, but was blamed forGratian's assassination near Lyons as he made for northern Italy. Thiswas the only charge which Theodosius could seriously have held againsthim in 383, that he had risen to power through the assassination of alegitimate emperor. War between the two had not been inevitable, and theorator Themistius undoubtedly exaggerates when he claims that Theodosiusset out against him in 384 with the intention of avenging Gratian'sdeath. The young Valentinian II continued to rule the prefecturesof Italy, Illyricum and Africa, which constituted a buffer-ground betweenthe territories of his two more powerful colleagues. An uneasy peaceprevailed until the late summer of 387 when Maximus sent his troops intonorthern Italy and forced Valentinian to retreat to Thessalonica at theeastern extreme of his territory. Yet while Maximus may have struckthe first formal blow in this renewed bout of civil war, one suspectsthat he felt compelled to act as he did much because of the growinginfluence of Theodosius over Valentinian and his ministers. One notesthat Theodosius' magister peditum praesentalis Richomer was the uncle ofValentinian's magister equitum praesentalis Arbogast, who was effectivelythe sole commander of Valentinian's forces at this point. Moreimportantly, perhaps, Valentinian had appointed Gildo as his comesAfricae ca. 386, and Theodosius had attempted to win Gildo over to hiscause by marrying Nebridius, a nephew of the empress Flaccilla, toGildo's daughter Salvina.The fact that Maximus suffered some sortof serious defeat at Sicily during the initial stage of the civil war in388, and that he committed a large number of men to naval operations offthe southern Italian coast under the command of his magister praesentalisAndragathius, suggests that Theodosius was well rewarded for his efforts,that he did at least persuade Gildo to defect to his side and seizeSicily on his behalf. Whatever the case, Theodosius joined withValentinian at Thessalonica during the late summer of 387, at which timehe also married Valentinian's sister Galla. They launched a jointexpedition against Maximus during the summer of 388, defeating his forcesin pitched battles at Siscia, then Poetovio. They then forced theirway across the Alps and captured Maximus himself at Aquileia. They hadhim executed three miles outside Aquileia on 28 August 388, and sentArbogast to do the same to his son Victor in Trier. However, they sparedhis wife and two daughters. Theodosius spent about three years in Italy until he began his returntrip to Constantinople in the summer of 391. Valentinian now ruled thewhole of the western empire, but he was increasingly dominated by hismagister peditum praesentalis Arbogast, whose own arrogance increased thefurther Theodosius moved from the scene. Matters came to a head in 392when Valentinian tried to cashier Arbogast and Arbogast simply refused toaccept his command. Valentinian secretly wrote to Theodosius forhis assistance, but was found dead on 15 May 392. An uneasy peacefollowed as Arbogast awaited the news of Theodosius' reaction to thedeath of his brother-in-law Valentinian; Theodosius tried to determinewhether Valentinian really had committed suicide as alleged.Unfortunately for all concerned, Theodosius was still married to Galla,who refused to accept that her brother had committed suicide. Worsestill, Arbogast's strongest advocate at Theodosius' court, his uncleRichomer, was mortally ill. As a hostile judgement seemed increasinglylikely, Arbogast struck first. He hailed Valentinian's magister scriniias emperor on 22 August 392 and quickly secured Italy for his cause. Incontrast to his acceptance of Maximus for several years, Theodosiusrefused to recognise Eugenius as emperor right from the start. Hepublicly indicated this by his refusal to accept Eugenius' nominees forthe consulship of 393 and by his coronation of his second son Honorius asAugustus on 23 January 393. The war did not begin until the summer of 394when Theodosius finally began his march from Constantinople. The war wasdecided by one decisive battle on the banks of the river Frigidus in thefoothills of the Alps on 6 September 394. While Christian sourcesdelight to recount how God assisted Theodosius by sending a wind to blowhis enemies' weapons back into their faces, the crucial factor wassurely the decision by a key section of Maximus' army under the comesArbitio to defect from his side to that of Theodosius. SoTheodosius triumphed and had Eugenius executed, while Arbogast committedsuicide. Religious Policy - Theodosius was Catholic and received baptism at thehands of bishop Acholius of Thessalonica during the autumn of 380 whenserious illness threatened his life. Two days after his firstarrival in Constantinople on 24 November 380, Theodosius expelled the"Arian" bishop Demophilus of Constantinople from the churches of thatcity and surrendered them to Gregory of Naziaznus who happened to be theleader of the small Catholic or "Nicene" community there at the time.This was greatly resented and may even have resulted in an attempt toassassinate the emperor. He also called a synod of 150 Catholicbishops who assembled at Constantinople in May 381. An early meeting ofthis synod, when all the bishops had not yet arrived, elected Gregory ofNazianzus as the new Bishop of Constantinople, but he was quickly forcedto resign. The synod then elected the senator Nectarius, who obviouslyenjoyed the strong backing of the emperor himself, in his stead.Theodosius' early reign witnessed the gradual expulsion of all hereticalbishops from the towns and cities of the East and the transfer of allchurch buildings and property to their Catholic rivals. The depth ofresentment which such policies caused can best be judged by the fact thatin 388 "Arian" mobs at Constantinople rioted and caused widespread damagein reponse to the false rumour that Magnus Maximus had inflicted a severedefeat upon Theodosius. Theodosius continued to tolerate the traditional pagan practices andrituals which had enjoyed toleration from successive Christian emperorsthroughout the fourth century, i.e., almost anything which did notinclude blood-sacrifice or did not smack of treason against the emperor,until 391 at least. He then issued a series of laws which seemedeffectively to prohibit all pagan worship by forbidding visits to pagansites of worship or even the adornment in any manner of the images of thegods. This apparent change of policy on his part has often beencredited to the increased influence of bishop Ambrose of Milan. Forin 390 Ambrose had excommunicated Theodosius because he had ordered theexecution of several thousand of the inhabitants of Thessalonica inresponse to the murder there of his "general" Butherichus. Theodosiusaccepted his excommunication and even performed several months of publicpenance, so it is all too easy too imagine how he might have taken thetime to review his other "failings" also, including his continuedtoleration of paganism. However, the importance of these laws hasbeen greatly exaggerated. They were limited in scope, specificmeasures in response to various petitions and accusations and tell usless about Theodosius than the private agenda of many of the increasinglymilitant Christians who could be found throughout his administration.Although he had voiced his support earlier for the preservation oftemples or pagan statues as useful public buildings or as works of art,in 391 he officially sanctioned the destruction of the most famous of thetemples in the East, the Serapeum at Alexandria. Bands of monks andChristian officials had long been accustomed to take the law into theirown hands and destroy various centres of pagan worship, but thedestruction of the Serapeum seemed to confirm that such actions had oftenenjoyed the emperor's tacit approval at least, and served to encouragesuch action in the future also. Again, however, Theodosius had beeneffectively manipulated into sanctioning the destruction of the Serapeumby local officials who had essentially engineered the crisis there forthis very purpose. Family and Succession - Theodosius married twice. His first wife was theSpanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377,Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honouredher with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she diedin 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I andfull-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, GallaPlacidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with hernew-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, heappointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustuson 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at anunusually young age points to his determination right from the start thatone of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius'position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whosepurpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty.Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magistermilitum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a"general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 hisnephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes AfricaeGildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395,Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the twocomites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that ofmagister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirelytraditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilichomanaged to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to thedisadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis andclaimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons,this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does aboutTheodosius' constitutional arrangements. Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty whichcontinued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450.This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of NiceneChristianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christiansthroughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction ofpaganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state,even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult toidentify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynasticinterests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civilwars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in theface of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner,he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Romanpopulation and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to whichwe now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire. Secondary Sources - Birley, A.R. The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford, 1981). Blockley, R.C. "The Division of Armenia between the Romans and Persiansat the End of the Fourth Century AD." Historia 36 (1987), 222-34. Bratoz, R. (ed.). Westillyricum und Nordostitalien in der Sp?tromischenZeit (Narodni muzej. 1996). Cameron, A. Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius.(Oxford, 1970). ________. "Theodosius the Great and the Regency of Stilicho." HarvardStudies in Classical Philology 73 (1969), 247-80. Croke, B. "Arbogast and the Death of Valentinian." Historia 25 (1976),235-44. Duval, Y.-M. "Les aurea fulmina des Alpes Juliennes: le role des statuesdivines dans les lieux strategiques." in Bratoz, R (1996), 95-108. Errington, R.M. "The Accession of Theodosius I." Klio 78 (1996a), 438-53. ________. "Theodosius and the Goths." Chiron 26 (1996b), 1-27. ________. "Church and State in the First Years of Theodosius I." Chiron27 (1997a), 21-72. ________. "Christian Accounts of the Religious Legislation of TheodosiusI." Klio 79 (1997b), 398-443. Friell, G. and Williams, S., Theodosius: The Empire at Bay. (London,1994). Heather, P. Goths and Romans 332-489 (Oxford, 1991). Hoffmann, D. Das sp?tr?mische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum.(Dusseldorf, 1969). Kovac, M. "Bora or Summer Storm: Meteorological Aspect of the Battle atFrigidus." in Bratoz, R. (1996), 109-19. Matthews, J.F., Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364-425.(Oxford, 1975) McLynn, N. Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital.(Berkeley, 1994). Nixon, C.E.V. and Rodgers, B.S. The Panegyrici Latini: Introduction,Translation and Historical Commentary (Berkeley, 1994). Rebenich, S. "Gratian, a Son of Theodosius, and the Birth of GallaPlacidia." Historia 34 (1985), 372-85. Sivan, H. "Was Theodosius I a Usurper ?" Klio 78 (1996), 198-211. Shahid, I. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century (Washington DC,1984). Springer, M. "Die Schlacht am Frigidus als quellenkundliches undliteraturgeschichtliches Problem." in Bratoz, R. (1996), 45-93. Vanderspoel, J. Themistius and the Imperial Court: Oratory, Civic Duty,and Paideia from Constantius to Theodosius (Ann Arbor, 1995). Woods, D. "Julian, Arbogastes, and the Signa of the Ioviani and theHerculiani." Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 6 (1995), 61-68. Notes On his origin at Cauca, see Zos. 4.24.4. His date of birth iscalculated from his death in his fiftieth year in January 395, Epit.48.19. The name of his mother is preserved only at Epit. 48.1. Pan. Lat. 2(12).5.2 preserves the fullest surviving account of themovements of Theodosius the Elder throughout his career, but fails tonote his rank or position at any particular time. On this passage, seeNixon and Rodgers (1994), 517-19. Amm. Marc. 28.3.9 proves that hesucceeded Jovinus as the magister equitum praesentalis following hisreturn in late 368 from an expedition to Britain. He is normallyidentified as a comes rei militaris before this, with little effort todefine what exactly is meant by this term. See Birley (1981), 333-39. Ibelieve that he succeeded Charietto as the vicarius of the magisterequitum praesentalis Jovinus in early 365 and retained this post until hesucceeded Jovinus in 368. On his service in Britain, see Zos. 4.24.4. On his position as duxMoesiae, see Amm. Marc. 29.6.15; Zos. 4.16.6. He had presumably served onhis father's staff as a protector domesticus, a member of the imperialbodyguard seconded to his command. Note, for example, that the tenprotectores domestici who had accompanied the magister militum perGallias Ursicinus to Cologne in 355 had consisted of friends andrelatives for the most part (Amm. Marc. 15.5.22). Epit. 48.1; Oros. 7.34.2; Cons. Constant. s.a. 379 (exact date). Pan. Lat. 2(12).9; Theod. HE 5.5.1-2. It has traditionally beenaccepted that the emperor Gratian recalled Theodosius to active serviceonly sometime after the battle of Adrianopole on 9 August 378, i.e., thathe remained in retirement in Spain for almost three years 376-78. See,e.g., Sivan (1996), 199. But Errington (1996a), 438-40, exposesTheodoret's account of Theodosius' recall to service for the fictitiousnonsense it is and dates his recall as early as late 377. See, e.g., Nixon and Rodgers (1994), 453; Williams and Friell(1994), 23-4. Differences sometimes emerge, as when Errington (1996a),443-44, argues that their enemies forced the younger Theodosius intoretirement first before they dared to move against his father, or whenMatthews (1975), 93, claims that the younger Theodosius "withdrew to ajudicious retirement" after his father's execution as if he did soentirely voluntarily. Nevertheless, all accept that Theodosius the Elderwas executed at Carthage, and that his execution and his son's"retirement" should both to be dated to the winter of 375/76. E.g., Oros. 7.33.7 is our only source to locate Theodosius' death atCarthage, and only because Carthage was the administrative centre for theregion. He may also have been influenced by the fact that Arcadius hadhad the rebellious comes Africae Heraclianus executed at Carthage ca.413. In contrast, Amm. Marc. 29.5.1-55 reveals not the slightestindication that Theodosius had visited Carthage even once during his stayin Africa ca. 373-4. Writing ca. 417, during the reign of Theodosius'grandson Arcadius, Orosius was principally concerned to fill in theflattering assumption that the father of such a pious dynasty had surelyreceived baptism before his death. As for the date of Theodosius'execution, Jerome is our only source, and he dates it to 376 (Chron. s.a.376). Note, however, that he does not date the execution of Theodosiusthe Elder alone to 376 but associates it with the deaths of many othernotables also. If he is not simply mistaken, as he is on other occasions,it is arguable that he refers to a series of executions, which culminatedin 376, rather than that they all necessarily occurred in the same year. Amm. Marc. 29.6.13-14. These legions have traditionally beenidentified with two palatine legions whose names are recorded together inthe Notitia Dignitatum, the Pannoniciani seniores (ND Oc. 5.149) and theMoesiaci seniores (ND Oc. 5.150), e.g. by Hoffmann (1969), 433. There areseveral objections to this identification. The first must be that theirtitles do not actually match. Ammianus records the names of otherpalatine legions in the exact form that they have been preserved by theNotitia so that we cannot simply assume some literary licence on his partin this instance. He refers to the Primani (ND Or. 6.45) by their correcttitle (Amm. 16.12.49) and the Divitenses Iuniores and the TuncgrecaniIuniores by theirs (Amm. 26.6.12), and to the Lanciarii and the Mattiarii(Amm. 21.13.16, 31.13.8), whether seniores or iuniores (ND Or. 5.42,6.42; Or. 6.47, Oc. 7.30), as such rather than as, say, the legiolanciaria or the legio mattiaria. Next, a pair of palatine legions, aso-called "brigade" in the manner of the Pannoniciani seniores and theMoesiaci seniores should have been long used to operating together so itis difficult to understand why they should have quarrelled so badly here.Next, one notes that Ammianus does not say where exactly they came from,and the speed with which they arrived upon the scene inclines one tosuspect that they had not had to come very far at all. Finally, it muststrike one as a remarkable coincidence that the first two palatinelegions to arrive in response to attacks upon the Pannonias and MoesiaPrima should have been named after those very regions. Zos. 4.9.3-4. See Amm. Marc. 16.11.6-7 (dismissal of Valentinian) and Amm. Marc.16.4.3, 7.1, 8.1 (dismissal of Marcellus). Cf. his earlier petition on behalf of the advocate Africanus whohad merely wanted a second provincial governorship, Amm. Marc. 29.3.6. Inresponse, Valentinian had ordered him to behead Africanus. It is beyondthe scope of the present article to explore the evidence in full, but Ibelieve that Theodosius the Elder reached the Pannonian provinces inorder to lead their defence against the Sarmatians sometime during late374, and that he then reported back to Valentinian himself at Trier. Heis probably identifiable as one of the "missing" consuls for 375. Jeromeis the only author to explain why there appear to have been no consulsfor 375, claiming that the consuls remained the same as the previous yearbecause of the Sarmatian devastation of the Pannonian provinces (Chron.s.a. 375). This was true in a round about way, in so far as the Sarmatianattacks did set off a chain of events that resulted in the execution ofTheodosius the Elder and the disgrace of his consular colleague, but notin the way that Jerome implies. The Sarmatian attack upon the Pannoniaswas an embarassment rather than a serious military crisis, as is bestrevealed by the fact that it did not provoke Valentinian I to leave hiscapital at Trier until the spring of 375, when the worst was over. Ifsuch an attack had prevented Valentinian from appointing new consuls for375, then it is a wonder that there were any new consuls at all duringthe far more serious crises of the subsequent decades. Pan. Lat. 2(12).10.2-3; Themist. Or. 14.182c, 15.198a. This was thecampaign which Valentinian himself had been planning when he died. Of Gratian's command staff in early 379, the names of his magistripraesentales Merobaudes and Frigeridus betray their German origin, as dothe names of his two western comites domesticorum Richomeres andMallobaudes. Finally, of the the two vicarii of his two magistripraesentales, Sebastianus had been killed at Adrianople, while Nannienus'name betrays his non-Roman origin also. For detailed analyses of our meagre sources for this war, seeHeather (1991), 122-56; Errington (1996b). Errington (1996b), 22-27. Zos. 4.55.2-3. Strictly speaking, he was a magister militum (orutriusque militiae) praesentalis, probably prima (ND Or. 5.1), by thetime of his death, since Theodosius had merged the infantry and cavalrybranches of the army in the meantime, perhaps ca.388. Zos. 4.25.2. Modares was himself a Goth, a member of the royalfamily, and is normally identified as a magister militum of some type. Noemperor would have appointed any barbarian defector to such a high rankwithout first having tested his ability and loyalty at a lower level ofcommand. So one suspects that he is identifiable with the dux Arabiae towhom Ammianus refers as Munderichus (Amm. 31.3.5), and that Ammianus, orhis source, have confused Modares' name with his Gothic title reiks"leader of men". Zos. 4.30-32. Cons. Constant. s.a. 380. Zos. 4.32-33. Cons. Constant. s.a. 381. Ibid. s.a. 382. Heather (1991), 157-92. Zos. 4.45.3. Zos. 4.51; Claud. De Cons. Stil.. 1.94-6. Cons. Constant. s.a. 386; Zos. 4.35.1, 38-39. Pan. Lat. 2(12).22.3. See Shahid (1984), 203-21. In general, see Blockley (1987). Pan. Lat. 2(12).24.1. The nature of Maximus' command at the time of his revolt is amatter of great controversy. He is normally identified as one of thecomes Britanniarum, the dux Britanniarum or the comes litoris Saxonici.See Birley (1981), 346-52. I suspect that he was the vicarius of themagister peditum praesentalis Merobaudes and that he commanded a smallexpedition to Britain ca. 382 similar to that which Theodosius had ledthere in 367/68. Them. Or. 18. See Vanderspoel (1995), 187-216, esp. 210. Zos. 4.42-43. Joh. Ant. frag. 187 (M?ller) = Eunap. frag. 58.2 (Blockley). Claud. Gild. 154; Jer. Epp. 79.2, 123.17. On Sicily, see Ambr. Ep. 73(40).22-23. Zos. 4.46.1 preserves aridiculous story that Valentinian's mother Justina sailed across theIonian Sea to Italy with some of her children, and that Maximus hadinitially assembled his fleet in order to capture her. He then kept thefleet in being because he feared that Theodosius was about to launch anaval expedition. It suffices to note that this would have leftValentinian's family stranded behind enemy lines in danger of being usedas hostages against him. McLynn (1994), 293-4, assumes that Valentinianhimself led a naval expedition which gained the victory at Sicily. ButValentinian had no military experience, and if he and Theodosius hadreally wanted to open a second front, then it would have been far lessrisky, and potentially far more beneficial, had they sent their forces toland on the eastern coast of peninsular Italy instead, as far north aspossible. They would then have been able to strike Maximus' main lines ofdefence in northern Italy from behind. Ambr. Ep. 73(40).23; Pan. Lat. 2(12).34-35. Zos. 4.53. According to Zosimus, Arbogast claimed that Valentinianhad not given him his command in the first place so he could not now takeit away from him. This is often interpreted as evidence that Theodosiushad somehow imposed him upon Valentinian and that he was the tool bywhich Theodosius had continued to control his western colleague. Itrefers, rather, to the fact that he had essentially "inherited" the postof magister peditum praesentalis from his father Bauto ca. 386. Neitheremperor had been in a position to nominate an alternative candidate tosucceed Bauto at the time. The ancient sources disagree about the circumstances ofValentinian's death. See Soc. HE 5.25; Soz. HE 7.22; Philost. HE 11.1. Ingeneral, see Croke (1976) who concludes that Valentinian probably didcommit suicide See Springer (1996). E.g. Soc. 5.25; Soz. 7.24; Theod. HE 5.24; Claud. III Cons. Hon.89-98. For a modern, rational interpretation of this "miracle", see Kovac(1996). Oros. 7.35.16 (for Arbitio's name); Ruf. HE 2.33; Soz. 7.24.5. Theecclesiastical historians have exaggerated the religious aspects of theconflict for ideological reasons, although many modern commentators havetraditionaly accepted their propaganda at its face value. The claims, forexample, that Eugenius' forces erected statues of Jupiter in the Alps(Aug. Civ. Dei 5.26), or that they bore an image of Hercules at theirhead as they marched (Theod. HE 5.24) are not to be taken literally. Theyhave their origin in a deliberate misrepresentation of the significanceof the fact that the two leading western military units, the Iovianiseniores and the Herculiani seniores, had probably restored theirstandards to what they imagined to be their traditional form. See Woods(1995). For a more traditional interpretation, see Duval (1996). Soc. HE 5.6; Soz. HE 7.4. In general on this period, see Errington(1997a). Chron. Pasch. s.a. 380; Malal. Chron. 13.36. Both sources describean attempt to assassinate an emperor, whom they identify as Gratian butthe date, location, and general circumstances of the attempt suggest thatthe anecdote which lies at their heart had originally described a plot toassassinate Theodosius. Soc. HE 5.13. C.Th. 16.10.10 (24 February 391), 16.10.11 (16 June 391), 16.10.12(8 November 392). E.g., Williams and Friell (1994), 68-71. Soz. HE 7.25; Ruf. HE 2.18; Aug. Civ. Dei 5.26; Theod. HE 5.17-18.See McLynn (1994), 315-30. McLynn (1994), 330-35; Errington (1997b), passim. For Theodosius' protection of temples, see C.Th. 16.10.8 (30November 382), Lib. Or. 30.49-51 (386). On the destruction of theSerapeum, see Soc. HE 5.16-17; Soz. HE 7.15; Ruf. HE 2.23. Claud. Laus. Ser. 63-9. Soc. HE 4.31; Philost. HE 10.7; Zos. 4.44. Rebenich (1985), passim. Many modern commentators follow Cameron (1970), 56, in dating themarriage of Serena and Stilicho to 384, although his conclusion, that itwas Serena herself, not Theodosius, who chose Stilicho as her husband,that it was "one of those very rare events in a royal family, a lovematch", ought to have occasioned greater scepticism. Much depends onone's interpretation of Claud. De Cons. Stil. 1.51-68, which records thatStilicho negotiated an important treaty with the Persians shortly beforehis marriage to Serena. I interpret this to refer to the treaty of 387 bywhich the Romans and Persians agreed upon the division of Armenia betweentheir empires. This means that Stilicho's daughter Maria can only havebeen about 10 years of age by the time of her marriage to Honorius inabout February 398. But this explains the tradition preserved at Zos.5.28.2, that Serena herself thought that Maria was too young formarriage, even if one cannot accept Zosimus' fanciful solution to thisproblem, that Serena managed to drug Honorius in order to prevent himfrom consummating the marriage, over a period of ten years apparently ! Relying principally on Zos. 4.59, Cameron (1969) argues thatTheodosius had appointed Stilicho as magister militum per Occidentem withcommand of all the western troops and the power to administer the westernempire in Honorius' name some three months before his death in January395. At that point, Theodosius made a vague statement entrusting his sonsto Stilicho which the latter interpreted in his own interest to mean thathis earlier regency over Honorius had now been extended over Arcadiusalso. But the office of magister militum per Occidentem, or whateverother title one wishes to use to describe the appointment of a singlesupreme military commander, was entirely without precedent and an obviousthreat to the independence of any emperor. One suspects, rather, thatTheodosius had appointed Stilicho to an entirely regular command, i.e. asmagister peditum praesentalis, at that point three months before hisdeath, and that Stilicho asserted a regency which he had yet to enjoyover either son. Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods. This file may be copied on the conditionthat the entire contents, including the header and this copyright notice,remain intact.	Flavius Theodosius I ('The Great') (Emperor Of The Roman Empire - 379-395) (I26188)
11186	Theodosius II (b. 10 April 401, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey] -d. 28 July 450), Eastern Roman emperor from 408 to 450. He was a gentle,scholarly, easily dominated man who allowed his government to be run by asuccession of relatives and ministers. The son of the Eastern emperor Arcadius (reigned 383-408), he was madeco-emperor in 402 and became sole ruler of the East upon his father'sdeath in 408. At first the able Anthemius, praetorian prefect of theEast, was regent for young Theodosius. Anethemius dropped out of sight in414, when the emperor's sister, Pulcheria received the title augusta andassumed the regency. Throughout his reign, control of the governmentremained out of Theodosius' hands. At various times during his reign, Theodosius sent armies against theVandals of Africa, the Persians, and the Huns. His generals defeatedPersian (Sasanian) invaders in 422 and 447, but campaigns against theVandals, who had occupied most of Roman Africa in 429, ended in failure.Theodosius' policy of appeasing the mighty Hun leader Attila did notprevent massive Hun invasions of the Danube provinces in 441-442 and 447.His reign was also troubled by a dispute over the heretical doctrines ofNestorius, whom Theodosius appointed patriarch of Constantinople in 428.Nesorius was deposed by a church council in 431. Theodosius' name is associated with three important projects. The first,erection of an impregnable wall around Constantinople (413), was actuallythe work of Anthemius. The emperor did, however, have a hand in foundingthe University of Constantinople in 425 and in supervising compilation ofthe Theodosian Code (published 438), which codified the laws issued after312. Theodosius died from injuries suffered during a hunting accident.His daughter Licinia Eudoxia married the Western Roman emperorValentinian III (reigned 425-455). [Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1995] From Geoffrey S. Nathan, University of California- Los Angeles: Early Life and Reign - Theodosius II was born to the eastern emperorArcadius and the empress Aelia Eudoxia in April of 401. As Eudoxia hadproduced three girls prior to this time, Theodosius' birth was receivedwith considerable excitement, both by his family and by the broaderpopulation of Constantinople. He was baptized and crowned Augustus inJanuary of the following year to enthusiastic crowds. Unlike hisfather, about whose early life we know practically nothing, Theodosius'youth is well-attested and it was spent preparing him for his futureimperial duties. From what we can tell of his education, the youngemperor was not trained to be the passive figurehead his father largelywas. He began, as did most upper class youths, in the cursus of classicaleducation, with grammarians and later rhetoricians. He was apparentlybilingual and showed a thirst for learning. The young emperorparticularly enjoyed editing and correcting manuscripts. As he grew olderand succeeded his father as sole ruler of the east in 408, Theodosius wasinstructed in the more martial skills of horsemanship, swordplay andperhaps other military arts as well. His eldest sister, Pulcheria, whowould gain great importance after the end of Anthemius' career, oversawhis moral education: orthodoxy, philanthropy and asceticism were all partof the curriculum. Pulcheria also taught Theodosius the subtleties ofbeing emperor: how to physically comport oneself, how to control emotion,and how to deal with ministers and aides. Given his sister's piety, it isprobable that the young man was also kept isolated from women.Theodosius' education, in sum, was training for an active, involvedChristian emperor. But like his father before him and his uncle Honorius in the west,Theodosius' youth at accession meant that he would be unable to evereffectively assert himself later in his reign. The Persian King,Isdigerdes, had briefly inserted himself into Roman affairs bythreatening war if any but Theodosius succeeded his father, a planapparently devised by Arcadius. The young Augustus was quickly accepted,but the Praetorian Prefect, Anthemius, continued to dominate politicalaffairs as he had in the last years of Arcadius' reign. In part dueto the acceptance of Isdigerdes' role as guardian, Rome and Persiaremained at peace until the Great King's death in 421. Anthemius meanwhile continued his work at mending fences with the west.When the western generalissimo, Stilicho, was assassinated, relationsbetween the two halves of the empire improved considerably. Honorius andTheodosius shared the consulship in 409 and Constantinople even sent4,000 troops to help guard Ravenna and Honorius against theVisigoths. While this gesture proved fruitless, the east and westnow worked more closely than they had since the death of Theodosius I. Anthemius also set about making Constantinople more defensible. In 413,he completed a circuit wall that enclosed most of the city andestablished a crucial water supply. Events since the 370s had proved thehinterlands unsafe: Illyricum, Thrace and other Balkan provinces had beenrepeatedly overrun by Germanic and Hunnic peoples. Indeed, as recently as408, the city had been threatened by a group of Huns under the leadershipof Uldin. He had been defeated, but the memory of that and other raidsspurred Anthemius' building projects. After 414, however, Anthemius fell off the political map and we canassume that he died. It is possible, however, that Theodosius dismissedthe Prefect. If that is the case, it perhaps indicates the degree towhich new powers at court now gained influence over the emperor. Theyoung man increasingly came under the control of Pulcheria, who began toinsert herself into public life. Whatever the reason, by mid-414,the young woman had risen to dominate the still underaged emperor. The Regency of Pulcheria - Edward Gibbon once wrote of Pulcheria: "shealone, among all the descendants of the great Theodosius (I), appears tohave inherited any share of his manly spirit and abilities." Evenbefore she took full control of her younger brother, she had shownherself a powerful force: in 412, at the age of 15, she had convincedTheodosius to dismiss the chamberlain (praepositus), Antiochus, who hadbeen overseeing the imperial household since the days of Arcadius. In thefollowing year, Pulcheria had consecrated herself to perpetual virginityand likewise exhorted her two sisters to do the same. It was a vow shewould not break, even when she married the emperor, Marcian, thirty-sevenyears later. More immediately, however, it gave her enormous moralauthority to oversee the upbringing and education of the young emperor. No sooner had Anthemius disappeared than Pulcheria completed herascendancy by having herself made Augusta in July of 414. She may havegotten help from Aurelian, who was named Praetorian Prefect of the eastshortly thereafter. With or without his help, the young woman's bidwas successful. So that there be no question of her authority, anofficial portrait in Constantinople was dedicated in the following year,depicting Honorius, Theodosius II and Pulcheria. And by denying hercapacity for childbirth, she offered a new conception of female power inthe public sphere, based on sanctity and the cult of the imperialmystique. Her authority manifested itself in a strongly pro-orthodoxadministration. Pulcheria, in her adolescent brother's name, passed lawsagainst Jews, pagans and heretics. For the first time, pagans wereofficially banned from holding public office and serving in themilitary. This would set an important precedent in the followingcentury for ostracizing other undesirables. Her movements against Jewsand their religion were particularly onerous: one early constitutionordered an end to the building of synagogues and the destruction ofexisting ones in places where there would be little or noresistance. It was also under Pulcheria's stewardship that themurder of the popular pagan philosopher, Hypatia, occurred in Alexandriaat the hands of Christians, encouraged, no less, by the archbishop,Cyril. Her order was brutal and barbaric, but the imperial court let itgo unpunished. To what degree this decision represented Theodosius'acceptance is difficult to establish, but clearly he did not strenuouslyobject to this pro-active policy of asserting Christianity as the properbelief of the empire. Apart from educating Theodosius in the arts of statecraft and heavilyimbuing him with Christian morals, Pulcheria made it her business to findher younger brother an appropriate spouse. Such arrangements would havenormally been carried out by a mother or father, but since they were bothdeceased, the job fell to the eldest sibling. Traditionally, Pulcheriawas thought to have picked an appropriate wife for her younger brother.The chosen girl, Athena?s, was young, intelligent, and well-educated byher philosopher father. She herself was a poet of some repute. Althoughpoor, Athena?s converted to Christianity, took the name Aelia Eudocia,and married the young emperor in June of 421. Recent scholarshiphas suggested, however, that Eudocia was less the choice of Pulcheriathan she was the candidate of many of the disenfranchised aristocrats ofthe eastern empire. Indeed, the two women's subsequentdisagreements and Eudocia's eventual disgrace implied that there wasconsiderable competition for prestige and authority. Pulcheria's most visible influence on state policy came during theecumenical council held at Ephesus in the summer of 431. Trying to settleonce and for all christological issues surrounding God's nature, thecouncil condemned the Nestorian controversy, which had presumed thatChrist had two separate persons -- one human, one divine -- in hisincarnation. Pulcheria engineered opposition against Nestorius (who wasthe patriarch of Constantinople at the time), not so much because of hisobjection to the Nicene creed, but because of his rejection of theincreasingly important Mother of God (Theotokos) movement. Nicaea wasupheld, Nestorius was deposed and exiled, and Nestorianism was declaredheresy. Pulcheria had used Cyril of Alexandria and other bishops to gaincontrol of the religious debate in the capital and the eastern Empire. In other areas of government, Pulcheria's hand rested more lightly.Military affairs and administrative changes were for the most part leftto the experts. Helion, for example, was made Master of Offices (magisterofficiorum) and held the post for thirteen years. Nevertheless, evenafter the emperor's majority, the Augusta's presence was always felt: weknow little of Helion's magistracy other than he seems to have been acompetent minister. Nor did her power ebb after her brother's death: itwas Pulcheria, after all, who lent legitimacy through marriage toTheodosius' successor, Marcian. The only real threat to her dominance over Theodosius came in the personof the emperor's wife. Aelia Eudocia had at first tried to build afaction of loyal officials around her, including her uncle Asclepiodotus,and sought to pursue more moderate religious policies. She alsoapparently bore the emperor three children, although only Licinia Eudoxiasurvived. But such power proved transitory and slowly Pulcheriacame back to the fore with her persecution of the Nestorians. Themarriage of Licinia to Valentinian III in 437 only reinforced thestruggle: Pulcheria gained by virtue of her own Theodosian blood, butEudocia also gained as mother of the bride. In the late 430s, the two struggled directly for dominance over theemperor's favor. As with Pulcheria's rise to power, the augustae chosethe religious sphere to assert their control. The emperor's sisteroversaw the return of John Chrysostom's relics to Constantinople andlobbied for the passage of new strict anti-pagan and anti-Jewishlegislation. As a means of reasserting her own standing, Eudociawent to the Holy Land on pilgrimage with the famous ascetic, Melania theYounger, and returned in 439 with important relics and enormous prestige.With the help of the sword-bearer (spatharius), Chrysaphius, she soughtto have Pulcheria removed from court. While this plot had some limitedsuccess, the eunuch soon turned on Eudocia and engineered her fallthrough rumors of adultery. Theodosius' wife once again left the capital,this time permanently. In the late 440s, she eventually took up themonophysitic cause. Thus, Pulcheria may have won the struggle, bustshe had lost the prize: Theodosius was no longer under her influence. Foreign Relations - Theodosius' foreign policies centered around threeaxes: relations with the Persians, the encroachment of the Hunconfederation under Rua and later Attila, and the precarious balance ofpower in the Mediterranean. In all three areas, the emperor and hisministers showed themselves to be occasionally adept, but for the mostpart unable to deal effectively with the rapid changes occurring aroundthem. Persian relations were good for the first years of Theodosius' reign.Isdigerdes' sponsorship of the emperor at his accession and hisapparently moderate attitudes towards Christianity assured amicabilitybetween the two empires until the Great King's death in 421. Butwith his death and the accession of his son, Vararanes V, hostilitiesbroke out again. The new king allegedly began a persecution ofChristians, and some Roman citizens were harassed. The king embarked upona campaign against Rome's eastern territories, but was very quicklydefeated by several able generals, including one Germanic officer,Ardabur. Having been defeated on all fronts, the Persians and Rome signedthe One-Hundred-Year Peace, which was supposed to recognize each nation'sborders and keep them largely demilitarized. Despite severalinfractions of that peace, including one in 440-441 with the accession ofIsdigerdes II, the treaty remained largely unviolated for the rest of thefifth century. Not until 502 did a major confrontation between Rome andPersia erupt into war. Of much greater concern were the steppe-dwellers of central Asia, theHuns. As nomadic horsemen, they rarely recognized central authority andthus had not represented a concerted threat to Rome's security. But underRua, who successfully united the smaller tribes under his rule, they wereable to directly affect the overall state of the Empire. Early inTheodosius' reign, a large contingency of Huns under Uldin had attackedThrace. Although defeated, this first major sojourn into imperialterritory presaged things to come. Despite repeated attempts to fortifythe Balkan hinterlands against incursions of foreign invaders, the courtat Constantinople found it politically expedient to deal with Hunaggression more directly; thus sometime in the mid-420s, the first annualindemnity, amounting to 350 pounds of gold, was paid to Rua. Shortly thereafter, Rua died and was replaced by his even more ablenephew, Attila (and Attila's brother, Bleda), who immediately demandedthe doubling of the annual tribute to 700 pounds of gold and forcedTheodosius' government to sign a treaty that was highly advantageous tothe Huns. In 441, while Theodosius was engaged in campaigns against thePersians and the Vandals in the west, Attila made new demands on thegovernment. When they were refused, the king plundered and sacked citiesalong the Danube. The Roman army was defeated and in 443, an even morehumiliating treaty and tribute was forced upon the court. Now the annualtribute stood at 2,100 pounds of gold, with an additional punitivepayment of 6,000 pounds due immediately. In 448, the demands were againraised and met by the Empire. By the time of Theodosius' death, theeastern empire's resources were near exhaustion. For fifteen years, then, Constantinople had been forced into a policy ofaccommodation. Many in the government had been responsible for acceptingthe extortion, although many more opposed any payments at all. In 449,Chrysaphius -- now chamberlain (praepositus) and in effective control ofthe eastern empire -- plotted Attila's murder. Although it failedand created even greater attempts to please the Huns, it represented thefirst serious attempt to oppose Hunnic hegemony. Since the eunuch hadprobably been one of the main architects of appeasement, his plot nodoubt signified the degree of desperation felt in the empire. Despite these threats from the east, however, western affairs dominatedTheodosius' foreign policy. Strong ties remained between Theodosius andhis uncle, Honorius, and later his cousin, Valentinian III. When Honoriusdied in 423 and a pretender, Ioannes, tried to assume the purple inRavenna, Theodosius sent a force under Ardabur to force recognition ofhis cousin, Valentinian. Galla Placidia's regency for the six-year-oldemperor assured Theodosian legitimacy. Theodosius even recognizedposthumously Constantius III (Galla Placidia's husband) as Augustus. Thetwo emperors would eventually share four consulships together. Nor was the east's support strictly symbolic. On two occasions,Theodosius sent large forces to aid the west against Vandal incursions.The first was an army in 431, led by Ardabur's son, Aspar, in an attemptto stop King Gaeseric's advance into the African provinces. Along withthe count of Africa, Boniface, Roman forces were badly beaten andretreated to Carthage. The defeat emboldened the Vandals to take most ofthe rest of North Africa by 439. Gaeseric's successes led to attacks on Sicily and the Italian coast. Theylaid siege to Palermo and may have taken Lilybaeum. Theodosius onceagain sent a large naval force against the Vandals in 441, with severalinitial successes. But perhaps through Gaeseric's diplomacy, the Persianschose at this time to attack Rome's eastern borders. Attila, too, saw theopportunity for aggression. Theodosius was forced to conclude a hastytreaty in 442. The agreement recognized the Vandals' holdings as aseparate, independent kingdom in formerly Roman territory. This wassymbolically a significant event: before this time, Germanic peoples hadaccepted settlement in Roman territory as official allies (foederati) ofthe empire. The treaty made manifest to all that Rome was no longermaster of its own domain. In all these dealings, Theodosius and his ministers did the best theycould to deal with a series of crises happening throughout Europe andwestern Asia. The eastern half of the Roman Empire was able to weatherthem, the west was not. In sum, to survive, the government inConstantinople was forced to redefine its place in the world. Legal and Administrative Programs - It was during the reign of Theodosiusthat the first great pandect of Roman law was published, with directparticipation from the emperor himself. In the age since Diocletian, whenthe last comprehensive law code had been issued, a large number ofgeneral constitutions had been published by both eastern and westernemperors. Many were no longer salient to modern-day concerns, and manymore were unworkable or contradictory. There was an additional problem ofharmonizing the law codes of the east and the west, and creating aprocess by which each half of the empire could recognize one another'slaws. In March of 429, Theodosius set up a commission to take all existing lawsfrom the late third century onward and arrange them in such a way as topresent a completely new and current code of jurisprudence. Theodosiusseemed less interested in getting rid of potential conflicts than he wasin providing completeness and creating a truly comprehensive law.After six years, an initial edition was completed in 435, but was notpublished. A new commission was appointed, headed by a lawyer fromAntioch, Antiochus Chuzon, to improve the language and create a system bywhich the code could be further emended and enlarged. In February of 438,the Codex Theodosianus was published and presented to the Senates in Romeand Constantinople, which both received the work with apparententhusiasm. Consistent with his desire to make the code an expandabledocument, Theodosius himself issued several supplementary laws(novellae). The code had enormous influence, both in itself and in future legalhistory. It proved to be the basis for the emperor Justinian's much moreambitious judicial reforms in the following century. The Visigothic king,Alaric II, also incorporated large parts of Theodosius' work into the LexRomana Visigothorum in 507. The code is probably the only majoraccomplishment during Theodosius? reign that can be directly attributedto his influence. The emperor's administrative reforms were also aggressive, although theirresults were mixed. In the 420s and 430s the emperor and his ministers,perhaps because of fiscal pressures, enacted fiscal policies thatattempted to bring more revenue into the imperial coffers. One suchpolicy was a much more forceful collection of rents on imperial landsgranted to lessees, another discontinued the extensive tax exemptionsheld on large tracts of land, and still another attempted levy wealthytaxpayers in gold coin. In the last case, the levies were in directresponse to the increasing monetary demands of the Huns. The emperor alsotried to cut down on the sale of offices, which was a ubiquitous problemat all levels of government. Subsequent legislation of the samesort in the following centuries suggests that such measures were notaltogether successful. These fiscal policies went hand-in-hand with Theodosius' legal work.Theodosius moved towards greater administrative control by reserving theissuance of grant deeds of imperial lands to the very highest ofoffices. Such moves were part of a broader centralization ofauthority in the eastern Rome and helped create the apparatus of theByzantine state. Final Years and Assessment - On July 28, 450, Theodosius II fell from hishorse in an accident and died shortly thereafter. On his deathbed, hepurportedly named Marcian as his successor. Whether or not this wasthe case, Marcian was crowned emperor less than a month later in thehippodrome. The emperor's death could not have come at a more confusing time. Sincethe emperor had produced no male issue, there was no clear heir to thethrone. From his immediate family, only his sister, Pulcheria, survivedin the eastern Empire. Moreover, following the attempted assassination ofAttila, both Romans and Huns were deeply suspicious of one another. Thepast twenty years of Hun extortion had also drained the imperialtreasury. In the west, despite strong support for Valentinian, Theodosiuswas unable to keep the Vandals from consolidating their gains in theMediterranean. Gaeseric was willing and able to take up further wars whenopportunity presented. Finally, the religious victories of orthodox Christians were temporarilythrown into disarray by Theodosius II himself. Calling a general councilat Ephesus in 449, usually called the Robber Council or Latrocinium, itfavored the christological stance of Eutyches and his supporters. Heargued the monophysitic position that Christ had only one nature and itwas divine. Matters were made worse by the deposition and subsequentdeath of Constantinople's patriarch, Flavian. The decision to support hisbeliefs caused widespread dissent in Constantinople, insulted andalienated the west in the person of Pope Leo I, and represented the firstmajor split between eastern and western Christendom. In the end, Theodosius II had a small enough legacy given the length ofhis reign aside from his legal initiatives. His studied and visible pietywould become a model for future emperors, and his Theodosian blood keptcivil wars practically non-existent. For that, the east enjoyedconsiderable internal stability. But his reign also marked the clearshrinking of Rome's empire and its influence. Future emperors were forcedto deal with a western empire politically disintegrating and aMediterranean that was no longer mare nostrum ("our sea"). Much of thefollowing fifty years helped to create the empire of Byzantium.Theodosius II's quiescence helped in no small part. Bibliography and Notes - There are a large number of primary sources, both religious and secular,that deal with the reign of Theodosius II. They include theecclesiastical histories of Sozomen (ed. J. Bidez and G.C. Hanson; 1960),Evagrius(ed. J. Bidez and L. Parmentier; 1898), Theodoret(ed. F.Scheidweiler; 1954), and Socrates(ed. R. Hussey, 1853); the fragmentedsecular histories of Olympiodorus and Priscus (ed. C. Mueller, iv; 1870);and later historians such as Philostorgus (ed. J. Bidez; 1913),Marcellinus Comes (ed. T. Mommsen; 1894), John Malalas (ed. L. Dindorf;1831), and Theophanes (ed. C. de Boor; 1883). There are also churchchronicles detailing the religious events of his reign, particularly theChronicon Paschale (ed. L. Dindorf; 1832). The Acta of the Council ofEphesus also survive (ed. J.D. Mansi; 1759-1798). The Codex Theodosianuscontains a large number of the emperor's legal enactments as well as anexcellent description in the opening sections of the pandect's inceptionand presentation (ed. T. Mommsen and P. Krueger; 1905). The CodexJustinianus also contains a number of laws from the emperor's reign (ed.P. Krueger; 1877). Bibliography - Bury, J.B. (1958) History of the Later Roman Empire, 2 volumes, repr.from a 1923 ed. (New York). Cameron, Al. (1982), "The Empress and the Poet: Paganism and Politics atthe Court of Theodosius II," Yale Classical Studies 27, 217-89. ________.and Long, J. (1993), Barbarians and Politics at the Court ofArcadius (Berkeley). Charlesworth, M.P. (1947), "Imperial Deportment: Two Texts and SomeQuestions," Journal of Roman Studies 37, 34-8. Drake, H. (1979), "A Coptic Version of the Discovery of the HolySepulchre," Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 20, 381-92. Giacchero, M. (1983), "Il realismo della politica orientale di TeodosioII," Accademia romanistica constantiniana. Atti del voConvergnointernazionale (Perugia), 247-54. Gibbon, E. (1958), The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 3 volumes(New York). G?ldenpenning, A., (1885) Geschichte des ostr?mischen Reiches unter denKaisern Arcadius und Theodosius II (Halle; repr. 1965, Amsterdam). Haehling, R. von (1978), Die Religionszugeh?rigkeit der hohen Amtstr?gerdes r?mischen Reiches seit Constantins I. Alleinherrschaft bis zum Endeder Theodosianischen Dynastie, Antiquitas ser. 3, vol. 23 (Bonn). Harries, J. and Wood, I. (1993), eds., The Theodosian Code: Studies inthe Imperial Law of Late Antiquity (London). Holum, Kenneth (1982), Theodosian Empresses (Berkeley). Lippmann, A. (1973), "Theodosius," Real-Encyclop?die der classischenAltertumwissenschaft suppl. 13 (Berlin), 961-1044. Lubh?id, C. (1965), "Theodosius II and Heresy," Journal of EcclesiasticalHistory 16, 13-38. Martindale, J.R. (1980), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. ii (Cambridge). Seeck, O. (1920), Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt,? 6 vols.(Stuttgart). Notes - Marc. comes, 402:2; Marc. Diac., V. Porph. 33-50. For his education, see Sozomon, ix:1; cf. Philostorgius, xii:7 andTheophanes, AM 5901. Charlesworth (1947). Procopius, Persian Wars, i:2:1-10; Theophanes AM 5900. Zos. v:22; cf. Soc. vii:10 and Soz. ix:9. Soz. ix:5. For his possible dismissal, see Seeck (1920):vi:69. Gibbon (1958):ii:218. Cameron and Long: 399-403. Holum (1982):97. CTh xvi:10:21 (415). On its significance, see von Haehling(1978):600-5. CTh xvi:8:22 (415). John Malalas, 14; cf. Chron. pasch. aa 420-1, Theophanes AM 5911,and Evagrius i:20. Holum (1982):112-30. Al. Cameron (1982). Martindale (1980):130, 473. NTh 3 (438). Drake (1979). Soc. vii:8. See Soc. vii:18-20 for these events. Priscus, fr. 7, 8, 12, 13. Bury (1958):1:254-5. Harries and Wood (1993):15-20. CTh xxi:20:5 (424), CTh xi:20:6 (430) and Priscus, fr. 5. CJ ix:27:6 (439). Nov. Theo. II, v:2:1 (439) and xvii:2:3 (444). Chron. Pasch. a.a. 450. Copyright (C) 1999, Geoffrey S. Nathan. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents, including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact.	Theodosius II (Emperor Of The Eastern Roman Empire - 408-450) (I27888)
11187	Theodosius was the son of Galla Placida, sister of the Western EmperorHonorius, and King Athaulf of the Visigoths. Galla's second husband wasthe Roman Constantius, who became Western Emperor briefly in joint rulewith Honorius.	Theodosius (I8720)
11188	Theodosius was Valentinian I's general in Amiens, France in 367. He wasexecuted in Carthage, Africa. Flavius Theodosius was a major Roman general in Gaul and Britain, andfather of the Roman Emperor by the same name.	Flavius Theodosius ('The Elder') (I8769)
11189	There appears to have been the attempt by Gordian to assert that his father was descended from the famous Gracchi brothers of the republican days of the empire. But this too appears to have been a bit of hereditary engineering to improve his claim to the throne. Source: lorenfamily.com	Maecius Marullus (I7104)
11190	There are conflicting documents that indicate the marriage took place in Lake Charles, LA	Family (F13316)
11191	There are EIGHT references to Mourning Wilkey in Wilkes County, North Carolina. Her last name is sometimes misspelled as "Wilkens" or "Wilkins", but these are all Mourning (nee Stockton) Wilkey: 1787 tax list Mourning Wilkey (4 females 1 underage male) 1788 court 'case for words' Mourning Wilkey vs. Leonard Miller and wife. 1790 census Wilkes County, North Carolina, Mourning Wilkey (2 females 1 underage male) 1795 Joseph Herndon deed referred to as "near Mourning Wilkey's line" 1795 Charles Gordon entry "near line of Francis Reynolds where Mourning Wilkey lives" 1795 Francis Reynolds entry "near my improvement where Mourning Wilkey lives" 1799 Joseph Herndon dec'd list of estate buyers includes Mourning Wilkey 1800 census Wilkes County, North Carolina, Morning Wilkins	STOCKTON, Mourning (I4032)
11192	There are several books about the Hawkins family and their exploits. One is called "Plymouth Armada Heroes: The Hawkins Family" by Mary W.S. Hawkins published in Plymouth, England, in 1888 and found in the State Library called Sutro in San Francisco, and on microfiche in the Carlsbad Genealogical Library. In her book Mary states that "Plymouth was the home or birthplace, not of one distinguished sailor of the Hawkins family only, but of three generations in succession, of men who were celebrated as naval heroes for a period of one hundred years, extending over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, and James I. For three generations they were the master spirits of Plymouth in its most illustrious days; its leading merchants, its bravest sailors, serving oft and well in the civic chair and in the House of Commons. For three generations they were in the van of English seamanship; founders of England's commerce in south and west and east: stout in fight, of quenchless spirit in adventure-a family of merchants, statesmen, and heroes, to whom our county has no parallel." In the several books there listed many exploits of the three generations. Plymouth was incorporated by Act of Parliament of King Henry VI in 1440. The "Arms of Hawkins and Amadas" has 5 crowns in and "X" on one side and 3 Acorns around an inverted "V" on the other. This coat of arms was probably first used during the reign of Edward III. William was an officer in the navy of King Henry VIII, being one of the principal sea captains in the West of England, he obtained a high and just reputation for his skill and experience. He is though to have been the master of the "Great Galley", one of the few Royal ships of that time. William was a man of considerable property in the town of Plymouth. He was Lord of the Manor of Sutton. He was Receiver of Plymouth in 1524-1525; and in the Corporation books is mentioned in 1527-28 when he and others manned the bulwarks to defend the argosy against the French. William owned a 200 ton ship called the Paul of Plymouth. On one voyage brought a native king to see Henry VIII, The king spent nearly a year in England, but died on the return voyage. William made his third voyage in 1532 and on his return was chosen Mayor of Plymouth. He was again Mayor in 1538-9; In 1539 he was elected "Burgess" or member of Parliament with James Horewell. In 1544 William purchased the Manor of Sutton Vallcort or Vawler which remained in the Hawkins family for 100 years.	HAWKINS, Sir William (I11575)
11193	There is a 1919 Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, Vol. 53, R.R. Bowker Company, page 575 query for a John Parker as the son of Nathaniel Parker and his wife, Ann Clayton, but it does not say he is the Elder John Parker. This query says she's supposed to be a daughter of John Clayton and Elizabeth Whiting of Gloucester Co., VA. John Clayton was born in England, abt 1690, and died in Gloucester Co., Va. 1773. He was an eminent botanist and had a botanical garden on his estate, which he called "Windsor". He married Elizabeth Whiting, 1723, and had several sons and daughters. (Some further adjustments made from further research)	CLAYTON, John (I20830)
11194	There is a reference that there are more children than just Isaac - and maybe born in Morgan Co., AL as early as 1815. 1830 Morgan Co., AL census Burt, Hardy 1 male 0-5 1 male 5-10 1 male 40-50 1 female 5-10 1 female 10-15 1 female 15-20 1 female 30-40 [ If: Hardy b. ca. 1784 - age 46 in 1830; wife Martha "Patsy" LANE b. 1789, age 41 1830; known son Isaac H. b. 1822 Morgan Co. AL age 8 in 1830. Appears there were more children, but this family matches existing info. 1/20/99] The name "Isaac" would probably have come from Martha LANE's maternal grandfather, Isaac HUNTER.	LANE, Martha "Patsy" (I14623)
11195	There is a URL of information of the War of 1812 at: http://www.sierra.com/sierrahome/familytree/records/ HURDY BURT (sic, Hardy) CAPTAIN HUNTER'S COMPANY, CAVALRY, NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA Wake County NC Land Entries 1778-1846, compiled by Weynette Parks Hawn. From NC Dept. of Archives & Histories, Div. of Archives, Raleigh, NC p 460 - 1st Mar 1814 Hardy BURT entered 30 A. in Wake Co. on both sides of Neals Creek, adjacent lines of Jesse JONES, Henry JONES. Is not listed in the NC state census 1820. Apparently already relocated, but where? Biographical sketch of his son Isaac H. BURT states he relocated to Morgan Co. AL after marrying Martha Lane and that "all" children were born there - could be cir. 1815 since he bought land in Wake Co. in 1814. 1833 - Hardy, John, James BURT and Isaac LANE all of Morgan Co., AL patented land - 80 acres and 19/100 of an acre - "as tenants in common and not as joint tenants" in Lawrence Co., AL.	BURT, Hardy (I14602)
11196	There is also a John Mayo in Roxbury who lived in Leiden. John2 Mayo (John1) was born on April 2, 1597 in Farthinghoe Parish, Northamptonshire, England.2 He was baptized on October 10, 1597 in Farthinghoe Parish, Northamptonshire, England.1 He married Tamisen Brike on March 21, 1618 in Leiden, Holland; marriage of Jan Meyer, a baize worker [works with coarse woolen used to make curtains, tablecloths, linings etc.] from England, and Timmosijn Breyck, also from England in the Reformed Church. The witnesses were Timmosijn's mother Susanna Breyck, and her sister, Marytgen Duijck. Jan was accompanied by Thomas Smith [Jan Meyer in Dutch is John Mayo in English; Timmosijn Breyck is Tamisen Brike.].3 He died in May, 1676 in Yarmouth, Barnstable County, Plymouth Rev. John Mayo, Tamsen and the five children were in Barnstable, Massachusetts in 1639 to welcome the last of the Scituate settlers as they arrived in America. Mr. John Mayo, Samuel Mayo and Nathaniel Bacon are on the 1640 list of first settlers of Barnstable, Plymouth Colony. [NEH & GR 2: 64] The Mayo's remained in Barnstable until he moved to Nausett (Eastham), Plymouth Colony, staying there from 1646 to 1654. He was the first pastor of the church there. The original site is located on Highway #6A by the Cove Burying Ground marker of the Congregational Church. A deed by John Morton of Eastham dated May 12, 1655 sells land that partially includes an area just beyond the dwelling house of John Mayo Junior, all of which Morton bought earlier from Mr. John Mayo Senior. (The Mayflower Descendant 9:233, Plymouth Colony Deeds p. 155) By November 9, 1655, Rev. John Mayo's family moved to Boston where he became the first pastor of the "old North Meeting House" on Salem Street, which was the second church in Boston. John Mayo (1597-1676) by Lynn Scott John Mayo was born 1597 in Northamptonshire, England. (1) At 17 he attended Magdalen Hall, Oxford University, but left without taking a degree, probably to escape taking the oath of conformity, which was required to graduate. (2) "In his early 20's he was in Leiden, Holland and married there: Jan Meyer [John Mayo] of England, baize-worker, accompanied by Thomas Smeth [Smith], his acquaintance, was betrothed March 21, 1618 to Timmosijn Breyck [Tamisen Brike] of England, accompanied by Susanna Breyck [Brike], her mother, and Marytgen Duijck [Mary] her sister. A baize-worker works with wool fabric and many Puritans in Leiden had this occupation because of the demand." (3) John apparently went back to England and lived in North Newington, Oxfordshire, which is fairly close to Thorpe Mandeville where he was raised. (4) Throughout the 1630's there was much trouble in England. King Charles I was severely persecuting any person or group that strayed from the Church of England. Never the less, there was much dissent and there was unrest in Parliament. In 1637, and edict forbade anyone from traveling abroad without a license and plague was prevalent in 1638. Around this time, John Mayo decided to leave England and go to America. In spite of restrictions, twenty ships carrying around 3000 passengers left England for Massachusetts Bay that year. (5) John and his family arrived in Cape Cod, Plymouth Colony in the spring of 1638 or 1639. John first settled in Barnstable along with 20 other families where he became a teacher in the church and an assistant of Rev. John Lathrop. (6) He appeared on a list of inhabitants of Barnstable in 1643 and in 1649 contributed fourteen rods of fence at Stony Cove. He and his sons Samuel and Nathaniel were listed in 1643 as being able to bear arms and saw active service in Lieut. Thomas Dymake's Co. In 1646 he removed to Nausett (Eastham) and was pastor of the church there until 1655. (7) At that time the meeting house was but twenty feet square with a thatched roof. In 1655 he accepted a call to Boston as the first pastor of Old North Church. (8) While living in Boston, he owned a house and lot on Middle (now Hanover) Street 38 x 180 feet, selling it for 200 pounds in 1675 to Abraham Bording. (9) The close of the pastorate of John Mayo of the North Church in 1673 is marked in records by Increase Mather: "In the beginning of which year Mr. Mayo, the pastor, likewise grew very infirm in as much as the congregation was not able to hear and be edified. On the 15th day of the 3rd month, 1673, Mr. Mayo removed his person and goods also from Boston to reside with his daughter in Barnstable where since he hath lived a private life." John died in Yarmouth, Massachusetts 3 May 1676. (10) Thomasine died 1683. 1 Memorial for John Mayo (1676), memorial #47987228, Find A Grave.com; "Oxford University Alumni, 1500- 1886," John Mayo, Ancestry.com. 2 Philip Tillingast Nickerson, "Rev. John Mayo, first minister of the Second Church in Boston, Mass.," The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 85 (1941), p.41. 3 N.H., Vol. H, fol. 216, reference on Memorial for John Mayo (1676), memorial #47987228, Find A Grave.com. 4 Charles Edward Banks, Topographical Dictionary of 2885 English Emigrants to New England, 1620-1650 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1976), p. 135, Ancestry.com. 5 Nickerson, "Rev. John Mayo, first minister of the Second Church in Boston, Mass.," p. 42. 6 Nickerson, "Rev. John Mayo, first minister of the Second Church in Boston, Mass.," p. 42. 7 C. F. Swift, Genealogical notes of Barnstable families (Barnstable, MA: F. B. & F.P. Gross Pub., 1890), vol. 2, p. 220. 8 Gary Boyd Roberts, Genealogies of Mayflower Families from The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1985), Vol. 3, p. 891. 9 Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Deed book 9, p. 39, John Mayo to Abraham Gording, 12 March 1672, image 405, FamilySearch.org. 10 Memorial for John Mayo (1676), memorial #47987228, Find A Grave.com; C. F. Swift, Genealogical notes of Barnstable families (Barnstable, MA: F. B. & F.P. Gross Pub., 1890), vol. 2, p. 220.	MAYO, Rev. John (I594770302)
11197	There is another Richard Carpenter married to another Susanna Trevilian, and the moderators of those pages insist that none of their kids moved to America. The child of THIS Richard and Susanna (Olive Carpenter-Starkweather) was thought to have moved to America, but the Starkweather family records say that Richard and Susanna's grandson Robert Starkweather traveled to America alone. A mystery..........	CARPENTER, Richard (I594766946)
11198	There is no proof that Priscilla's last name is SENTER. There is a SENTER family in Wake Co. in the 1790 NC census. With a son named HARDY, I would more likely bet that Priscilla's maiden name might be that. Also, two grandsons used the name "William HARDY BURT"	SENTER, Priscilla Hardy (I14600)
11199	There is no record of John Mayos parents. Please do not add anyone to this record Added by William Stead "This is a copy of the will of John Mayo of Thorpe-Mandeville,, Northamptonshire, England, that was written by him in January 1629/1630, shortly before his death. It was common practice in those times to wait to prepare the will when the person was on his death bed. In cases of sudden death, wills were not left at all. This John Mayo, who died and is buried in the church yard at Thorpe-Mandeville . . . was believed to be the father of our immigrant ancestor, Rev. John Mayo. . . .This John Mayo of Thorpe-Mandeville, believed to be the father of our immigrant ancestor Rev. John Mayo, was married to Katherine Mayo. She was buried next to her husband in 1633. Their children were: 1.) John Mayo (our ancestor): baptized on Oct. 16, 1597 in Farthinghoe Parish, Northamptonshire, England. [Also Philip (female), Anne, Elizabeth, Joyce and Gilbert]. . . . Towns connected to them were Thorpe-Mandeville, Farthinghoe Parish, and Slapton. Both John and Katherine Mayo are buried at Thorpe-Mandeville. Thorpe-Mandeville is only 4 miles away from Farthinghoe Parish, where most of their children were baptized. Middleton-Cheney, where Rev. John Mayo was originally thought to be born, is only 3 or 4 miles away from these towns. I had Nancy Long, the town historican of Middleton Cheney, check the town records personally, and she found that a researcher had made an error, and that Rev. John Mayo was actually born in Farthinghoe Parish and not in Middleton-Cheney, as previously thought. The researcher had Rev. John Mayo as being baptized in Middleton-Cheney on April 2, 1598. However, Nancy Long found that Crescent Mayo, son of Peter Mayo, was actually baptized on that date and not 'our' John Mayo. She discovered his baptism record in Farthinghoe Parish instead. According to Chauncy's Last Living, Rev. John Mayo's father was from Thorpe-Mandeville and was buried there. Rev. Charles Chauncy was a vicar in nearby Marston St. Lawrence before coming to America and he was friends with Rev. Mayo's father. It was quite easy to locate the death record and will of Rev. Mayo's father there and also the burial record of his mother, Katherine Mayo. The baptism records of Rev. John Mayo and his siblings were located in a nearby town of Farthinghoe Parish. The will of John Mayo of Thorpe-Mandeville was quite helpful with that task. That is where we stand so far on the English research of Rev. John Mayo and his origins." [ "Believed to be the will of the father of Rev. John Mayo . . . 'I John Mayo of Thorpe of Mandeville in the County of Northampton do make my last will and testament bequeathing my soul unto God and my body to be buried in the churchyard at Thorpe [Mandeville] And for my temporal goods I do bequeath as follows I make the executors Katherine Mayo my beloved wife and Elizabeth Mayo my daughter and further my will is that my two executors shall divide my goods equally between them and also shall equally be enforced to pay my debts for the rent of the house and close and also those legacies hereafter named. To my son Mr John Mayo I by legacy bequest a coffer [box] of ash [ie. ashwood] standing over the kitchen. Item to my son in law) Thomas Gilbert of Slapton I give all those tools which he have now with him in his keeping. Item I give to my daughter Anne Gervice one pewter platter as my exectrix shall please to give. In witness hereafter I have subscribed my hand the eighteenth of January 1629 [ie. 1630]. Item I make my overseer Daniel Gervice my son in law. Singed John Mayo Witnesses William Gardener Hannah Jarvis' (I have modernised the spellings but I have not altered the meaning or intention; items in square brackets are my own additions. I have looked at the burial register and the entry for John Mayo is very faded. The name can only just be read, the date of his burial is illegible." [749]--Source: "Will of John Mayo, Sr.," 11 Feb 1994, from Rachel Watson, County Archivist, Northamptonshire County Council to Mrs. J.M. Mayo, Copy held by Barbara Fleming, found at Cape Cod Community College Library.) Please read full PDF from 2014 with updated research in England http://hylbom.com/family/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Rev_John_Mayo_and_his_Descendants_by_Mayo-Rodwick_2010.pdf	MAYO, John (I594770311)
11200	There were several court items regarding her guardianship as her mother died at birth and father Arthur died when 6 years old. John Cummins and Nancy/Ann Breashears , guardians.	CARNEY, Elizabeth Louisiana (I112680644)