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11401 Upon the death of her first husband, Maud styled herself Marshal of England and Countess of Norfolk and Warenne. MARSHALL, Countess Of Norfolk Maud (Matilda) (I13637)
 
11402 Uriah Ezra Garton who drowned in the Ohio River in 1801. He had been married once, lost his wife and gave up two children to his wife's family, a boy and a girl, they lost the Garton name. Unk (I975)
 
11403 US Confederate Soldiers Service Records:
NameThomas J Varner
Age25
Birth Date1836
Enlistment Date1 Jun 1861
Enlistment PlaceCorinth, Mississippi, USA
RankPrivate
Military UnitSeventeenth Infantry, Su-Wa 		VARNER, Thomas J. (I14212)
 
11404 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. AUSDERAU, Donald W. (I21596)
 
11405 Usurped the throne of the West. ROMAN EMPIRE, Maximian Augustus Emperor Of West (I11085)
 
11406 Usurper of Italy ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius Emperor (Usurper) Of (I11083)
 
11407 Usurper of the throne of the West Roman Empire ROMAN EMPIRE, Maximian Augustus Emperor Of West (I11085)
 
11408 Usurper of the throne of the West Roman Empire ROMAN EMPIRE, Maximian Augustus Emperor Of West (I11085)
 
11409 VAHSF-V01 p. 299

VAHSF-V01 p. 299, he and THOMAS HARRIS owned the rights to

200 acres of land in Charles City County, Virginia before 1640. They
transferred these rights to PATRICK KANNADY.

Please send any corrections or additions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr.
<[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit
to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire
data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference
number so I can get to the correct person in my data base.
NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you must do your own
research to validate data. It contains theories and facts
from many sourcesand is only a starting point for your own research. 		TURNER, Colonel James (I29297)
 
11410 VAIOW-WB2 p. 468

Please send any corrections or additions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr.
<[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit
to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire
data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference
number so I can get to the correct person in my data base.
NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you must do your own
research to validate data. It contains theories and facts
from many sources and is only a startingpoint for your own research. 		TURNER, Unknown (I29299)
 
11411 VAIOW-WB2 p. 468

VAIOW-WB2 p. 468, father JOHN TURNER dated 25 Mar 1705; given

VAIOW-DE1 p. 124, from WILLIAM ARRINGTON and wife ELIZABETH,

VAIOW-DE2 p. 2, WILLIAM WEST and EDWARD DREW on Angelica Swamp in

VAIOW-DE2 p. 68, JAMES BENNETT and JAMES RIDLEY on the south side

the plantation where THOMAS PHILLIPS lives
200 acres on the south side of Nottoway River on the Angolica Swamp (being a
patent granted on 13 Nov 1713) dated 8 Feb 1714, W: JOSHUA (signed) CURLE,
NATHANIEL (signed) RIDLEY, and JOSEPH BRIDGER, S: WILLIAM (W) ARRINGTON
Isle of Wight County dated 25 Jun 1720
of the Nottoway River adj. Ridleys Branch dated 29 Dec 1742

Please send any corrections or additions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr.
<[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit
to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire
data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference
number so I can get to the correct person in my data base.
NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you must do your own
research tovalidate data. It contains theories and facts
from many sources and is only a starting point for your own research. 		TURNER, William (I29275)
 
11412 VAIOW-WL1 p. 120

VAIOW-WL1 p. 120, father EDWARD HARRIS dated 27 Apr 1733

Please send any corrections or additions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr.
<[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit
to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire
data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference
number so I can get to the correct person in my data base.
NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you must do your own
research to validate data. It contains theories and facts
from many sources and is only a starting point for your ownresearch. 		HARRIS, Ann (I29241)
 
11413 VAIOW-WL1 p. 120

VAIOW-WL1 p. 120, father EDWARD HARRIS dated 27 Apr 1733

Please send any corrections or additions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr.
<[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit
to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire
data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference
number so I can get to the correct person in my data base.
NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you must do your own
research to validate data. It contains theories and facts
from many sources and is only a starting point for your ownresearch. 		HARRIS, Margaret "Martha" (I29255)
 
11414 VAIOW-WL1 p. 120

VAIOW-WL1 p. 120, father EDWARD HARRIS dated 27 Apr 1733

VASHC-WL1 p. 2, uncle MARTIN HARRIS dated 1 Feb 1747

Please send any corrections or additions to Jesse M. Lawrence Jr.
<[email protected]> This data is updated continuously, so please revisit
to make sure you have latest information. This file represents my entire
data base, I do not have any other information! Please use the reference
number so I can get to the correct personin my data base.
NOTE: Please use this data with the knowledge that you mustdo your own
research to validate data. It contains theories and facts
from many sources and is only a starting point for your own research. 		HARRIS, James (I29268)
 
11415 Valentinian I, Latin in full Flavius Valentinianus (b. 321 - d. 17 Nov375, Brigetio, Pannonia Inferior), Roman emperor from 364 to 375 whoskillfully and successfully defended the frontiers of the Western Empireagainst Germanic invasions.

Valentinian, the son of an army officer stationed in Pannonia (in centralEurope), joined the army and served with his father in Africa. Accordingto some sources, when Valentinian was a tribune in the forces of Julianthe Apostate (emperor 360-363), he was disgraced for refusal to renounceChristianity. He did serve, however, in Julian's Persian expedition of363, and was promoted by Julian's successor, Jovian, who died soonafterward (17 Feb 364).

Nine days later the commanders of the army proclaimed Valentinian emperorat Nicaea (modern Iznik, Turkey). On March 28 he appointed his youngerbrother Valens as co-ruler and assigned him to govern the East, whileValentinian retained the West. Both agreed to allow religious toleration,which, unlike Valens, Valentinian maintained throughout his reign.

Displaying inexhaustible energy, Valentinian set about fortifying anddefending the borders. In January 365, his generals in Gaul were defeatedby the Germanic Alemanni; by October, Valentinian had set up residence inParis from which he directed operations against the invaders. His generalJovinus defeated them three times. At Durocatalaunum (modernChalons-sur-Marne, France), the third engagement, Jovinus inflicted heavycasualties on the Alemanni, securing Gaul for years to come. Meanwhile,in 367, the Emperor moved to Ambiani (modern Amiens, France) to be incloser communication with his general Theodosius (father of the LaterEmperor Theodosius I), who was defending Britain from Saxon, Pictish, andScottish invaders.

In order to strengthen the line of succession, Valentinian proclaimed (24Aug 367) his nine-year-old son, Gratian, as co-emperor. Two months laterValentinian took up residence at Trier (now in Germany). He remainedthere for seven years, devoting his attention to the construction of anelaborate system of fortifications on the Rhine. Then, an invasion ofPannonia by the Quadi in 275 brought Valentinian to Sirmium (modernSremska Metrovica, Yugoslavia), where he soon fell sick and died.

Despite his achievements, Valentinian gained a reputation forirritability and cruelty. He frequently chose ministers of the worstcharacter who ruthlessly oppressed provincials. [EncyclopaediaBritannica, 1995]

From Walter E. Roberts, Emory University, 1998:

Valentinian I (364-375 A.D) -

Introduction
Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. There wasa power vacuum after the death of Julian, last ruler of the Neo-Flavianline. His immediate successor Jovian did not really survive long enoughto leave his stamp on late Roman society. In general terms, Valentinian?schallenge was to hold together an empire that had experienced sixty yearsof internal unrest, something which was of major import. His provincialorigins and Nicene Christianity put him at odds with the senatorialnobility in the west. Furthermore, he had to deal with the increasingregionalism of the empire, especially in Gaul, Britain, and Africa.

Early Life
Valentinian, whose full name was Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D.321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His fatherGratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills.Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officerto tribune, to comes Africae, and finally comes Britanniae. He wassuspected of graft while comes Africae, but nothing was ever proven.After he retired, Constantius II (337-60) confiscated his estates becausehe was suspected of having been a supporter of Magnentius. Gratian?salleged affiliation with Magnentius apparently did not keep Valentinianor his younger brother Valens from being able to enter the military, butit may have contributed to some early trouble for Valentinian.Valentinian embarked upon a military career, and, like his father, becamea victim of imperial politics. In 357 he was tribune of cavalry underJulian, Constantius II's Caesar in the west. In the intrigues surroundingJulian and Constantius, Valentinian and a colleague were accused ofundermining operations, and Constantius dismissed them from theservice. Valentinian was married twice. His first wife, Severa, diedsome time after giving birth to Valentinian?s first son Gratian in 359,and Valentinian married Justina, by whom he had Valentinian II, and twodaughters, Galla and Justa.

When Julian died, Valentinian was recalled to military service by Jovian.Upon his accession, Jovian sent Procopius, a notarius, and Memoridus toGaul and Illyricum to install his father-in-law Lucillianus, inretirement at Sirmium, as magister equitum et peditum. Lucillianus inturn was to journey to Milan and secure Jovian?s power in Italy and Gaul.Jovian supposedly gave Lucillianus secret instructions to handpick aselect cadre of supporters. Two of these men were Valentinian andSeniauchus. One of this group?s missions was to displace Jovinus,Julian?s magister armorum per Gallias, with Malarichus, a retired soldierand supporter of Jovian living in Italy. In addition they were to visitas many governors and military commanders as possible and announce thesuccessful end of the Persian campaign and Jovian's succession.Malarichus, however, refused his commission, and Lucillianus traveled onto Rheims where he began examining the accounts of one of Julian?sofficials. The official (not named in extant sources) fled to the army inGaul and spread rumors that Julian was still alive and that Lucillianuswas a rebel. In the riot that broke out, Seniauchus and Lucillianus werekilled, and Valentinian barely escaped through the help of his friendPrimitivus. By this time, Jovian had sent some additional soldiers whosecured peace in Gaul. As a result Valentinian was promoted to command ofthe second Scutarii division.

Valentinian's Accession
Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on theborder between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea,the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and militaryofficials was convened to choose a new emperor. The names of Aequitius, atribune of the first Scutarii, and Januarius, a relative of Jovian?s incharge of military supplies in Illyricum, were bandied about. Both wererejected, Aequitius as too brutal, Januarius because he was too far away.The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian, and sent messengers toinform him, as he had been left behind at Ancyra with his unit. Whileawaiting the arrival of Valentinian, Aequitius and Leo, another Pannonianin charge of distributing supplies to the soldiers of Dagalaifus,magister equitum, managed to keep the ?fickle? (mobilitas) soldiers fromchoosing another emperor.

Valentinian arrived in Nicaea on 24 February 364, the bisextile day. Thisday was used every four years by the Romans to balance the calendar muchas we use the modern leap year day: the sixth day (counting inclusively)before the first of March was counted twice. According to Ammianus, thisday was considered an ill-omened day to begin any new proceedings, soValentinian put off his official acceptance until the day after thebisextile. Furthermore, the prefect Salutius declared that noofficial business could be conducted on the repeated day. The holidaywould have prevented any attempt to name another emperor beforeValentinian.

On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As heprepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot,apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassuredthem that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent acrisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick aco-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded byValentinian?s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperialauthority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also beconstrued as a move to appease any opposition among the civilianofficials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint aco-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperialauthority would remain in the east to protect their interests.

After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting himin charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens asco-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done overthe objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however,that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother. The remainderof 364 was spent dividing up administrative duties and military commands.Valentinian retained the services of Jovinus and Dagalaifus, and promotedAequitius to comes Illyricum. In addition, he promoted Serenianus, aretired soldier and fellow Pannonian, to command of the domesticorumscholae. Several sources mention the division of administrativespheres between the two brothers, but Ammianus is the mostspecific. According to Ammianus, Valens was given the Prefecture ofthe Orient, governed by Salutius, while Valentinian gained control of thePrefecture of the Gauls and the Prefecture of Italy, Africa, andIllyricum. These latter three areas were put together as oneadministrative unit under control of the prefect Mamertinus. Valensresided in Constantinople, while Valentinian?s court was at Milan.

Valentinian and the Army
One of the first problems that faced Valentinian was an outbreak ofhostilities in Gaul with the Alamanni, a loose confederation ofGermanic-speaking peoples living beyond the Rhine. According to Ammianus,the Alamanni were upset because Valentinian would not supply them withthe level of tribute that previous emperors had paid them. In response tothis insult and the ill treatment their envoys received at the hands ofthe magister officiorum Ursatius, the Alamanni invaded Gaul in 365.At the same time Procopius began his revolt against Valens in the east.Valentinian received news of both the Alamannic trouble and Procopius'revolt on 1 November while on his way to Paris. He had a choice tomake--go east to help his brother or stay in Gaul and fight the Alamanni.He initially sent Dagalaifus to fight the Alamanni, while he himself madepreparations to journey east and help Valens. After receiving counselfrom his court and deputations from the leading Gallic cities begging himto stay and protect Gaul, however, he decided to remain in Gaul and fightthe Alamanni.

This move shows two things. First, that Valentinan subordinated theeastern portion of the empire to the west. In addition it shows thatValentinian was still unsure of his support in Gaul, a very importantpart of the west. There was no better way to win the support of theGallic nobility than by performing the traditional imperial duty ofpreserving peace by defeating barbarians. This ideology is amplyillustrated by the coinage issued from Gaul during this period.Valentinian issued such series as RESTITUTOR REIPUBLICAE, GLORIAROMANORUM, and TRIUMFATOR GENT BARB from the mints at Trier, Lyon, andArles.

Valentinian advanced to Rheims and sent two generals, Charietto andSeverianus, against the invaders. The armies of Charietto and Severianuswere promptly defeated and the generals killed. Dagalaifus was then sentagainst the enemy in 366, but the Alamanni were so scattered about Gaulthat he was ineffective. Jovinus replaced Dagalaifus late in thecampaigning season, and, after several battles, he pushed the Alamanniout of Gaul. He was awarded the consulate of 367 for his efforts.

Valentinian was distracted from launching a punitive expedition againstthe Alamanni at this time by problems in Britain and northern Gaul. TheAlamanni, however, were not deterred by their earlier defeat at the handsof Jovinus and they returned to Gaul. The city of Mainz was attacked andplundered by an Alamannic raiding party in late 367 or early 368.Valentinian did succeed in getting Roman agents to arrange theassassination of Vithicabius, an important Alamannic leader, by hispersonal bodyguard, but more serious measures were called for.Valentinian was determined to bring the Alamanni under Roman power onceand for all, and spent the winter of 367/8 gathering a huge army for aspring offensive. He summoned the comes Sebastianus, who was in charge ofthe Italian and Illyrian legions, to join Jovinus and Severus, magisterpeditum. Valentinian and his army, accompanied by Gratian, crossed theMain river in the spring of 368. They did not encounter any resistanceuntil they reached Solicinium (Schwetzingen), burning any dwellings orfood stores they found along the way. A tremendous battle was fought atSchwetzingen, with the Romans coming out on top, although Valentinian wasnearly killed. A temporary peace was apparently reached, and Valentinianand Gratian returned to Trier for the winter.

During 369, Valentinian ordered new defensive works to be constructed andold structures refurbished along the length of the Rhine?s left bank. Inan even bolder move, he ordered the construction of a fortress across theRhine, in the mountains near Heidelberg. The Alamanni sent envoys toprotest, but they were dismissed out of hand. As a result, the Alamanniattacked while the fortress was still under construction, destroyed it,and killed all the soldiers guarding it.

In 370, the Saxons renewed their attacks on northern Gaul. Nannienus, thecomes in charge of the troops in northern Gaul, had to ask Severus tocome to his aid. After several battles, a truce was called and the Saxonsgave the Romans many young men fit for duty in the Roman military inexchange for free passage back to their homeland. The Romans, however,treacherously ambushed the Saxons, killing them all. At this sametime, Valentinian was contemplating another attack against the Alamanni.His target was Macrianus, another powerful Alamannic chieftain. Ratherthan directly attack Macrianus, he tried to persuade the Burgundians toattack: they were another Germanic-speaking people, and bitter enemies ofthe Alamanni. If the Alamanni tried to flee, Valentinian would be waitingfor them with his army. Negotiations, however, with the Burgundians brokedown when Valentinian, in his usual high-handed manner, refused to meetwith the Burgundian envoys and personally assure them of Roman support inthe suggested attack. Nevertheless, the proposed alliance with theBurgundians did have the effect of scattering the Alamanni through fearof an imminent attack from their enemies. This event allowed Theodosius,magister equitum, to attack via Raetia and take many Alamannic prisoners.These captured Alamanni were settled in the Po river valley, where theystill flourished at the time Ammianus wrote his history.

Valentinian campaigned unsuccessfully for four more years to defeatMacrianus. In 372 Macrianus barely escaped capture by Theodosius. In themeantime, Valentinian continued to recruit heavily from those Alamannifriendly to the Roman cause. He sent the Alamannic king Fraomarius, alongwith Alamannic troops commanded by Bitheridius and Hortarius, to Britainin order to replenish troops there. Valentinian?s Alamanniccampaigns, however, were hampered by troubles first in Africa, and lateron the Danube. In 374 Valentinian was forced to make peace with Macrianusbecause the emperor's presence was needed to counter an invasion ofIllyricum by the Quadi and Sarmatians.

Military Problems in Britain, Gaul, and on the Danube
In 367, Valentinian received reports that a combined force of Picts,Attacotti and Scots had killed Nectaridus (comes maritimi tractus) andovercome the dux Fullofaudes in Britain. As a consequence, Britain was ina state of anarchy. At the same time, Frankish and Saxon forces wereharrying the coastal areas of northern Gaul. Valentinian, alarmed bythese reports, set out for Britain, sending Severus (comes domesticorum)ahead of him to investigate. Severus was not able to correct thesituation and returned to the continent, meeting Valentinian at Amiens.Valentinian then sent Jovinus to Britain and promoted Severus to magisterpeditum. It was at this time that Valentinian fell ill and a battle forsuccession broke out between Severus, a representative of the army, andRusticus Julianus, magister memoriae and a representative of the Gallicnobility. Valentinian, however, recovered and appointed his son Gratianas co-Augustus to forestall any such conflicts in the future. Ammianusremarks that such an action was unprecedented.

Jovinus quickly returned, saying that he needed more men to take care ofthe situation. Beginning in 368 Valentinian, however, was intent onpressing his successes against the Alamanni with a campaign into theirterritory. Therefore, he assigned the comes Theodosius the task ofrecovering Britain while Severus and Jovinus were to accompany theemperor on his campaign. Theodosius arrived in 368 with the Batavi,Heruli, Jovii and Victores legions, landing at Richborough, and proceededto London. His initial expeditions restored order to southern Britain.Later he rallied the remaining troops which had originally been stationedin Britain. It was apparent that the units had lost their cohesivenesswhen Nectaridius and Fullofaudes had been defeated. At this time,Theodosius sent for Civilis to be installed as the new vicarius of thediocese, and Dulcitius, an additional general.

In 369, Theodosius, relying on the tactics of stealth and ambush, setabout reconquering the areas north of London. During this period, he putdown the revolt of Valentinus, the brother-in-law of Maximinus, at thattime a vicarius. Valentinus had been exiled to Britain for crimes thatAmmianus does not specify and was apparently fomenting a rebellionagainst the imperial government. Theodosius learned of these plansthrough spies and quashed the revolt before it got off the ground. Afterthis, Theodosius restored destroyed fortifications and even recovered alost province which was renamed Valentia. After his return in 369,Valentinian promoted Theodosius to magister equitum in place ofJovinus.

Revolt of Firmus
In 372, the rebellion of Firmus broke out in the African provinces. Thisrebellion was driven by the corruption of the comes Romanus. When he tooksides in the murderous disputes among the legitimate and illegitimatechildren of Nubel, a Moorish prince and leading Roman client in Africa,resentment of Romanus' peculations and failure to defend the territorycaused some of the provincials to revolt. Valentinian was forced to sendin Theodosius to restore imperial control. Over the next two yearsTheodosius uncovered Romanus' crimes, arrested him and his cronies, anddefeated Firmus.

In 373 trouble erupted with the Quadi, a group of Germanic-speakingpeople living on the Danube. Like the Alamanni, the Quadi were outragedthat Valentinian was building fortifications in their territory. Theycomplained and sent deputations that were ignored by the magister armorumper Illyricum Aequitius. It seems, however, that by 373 the constructionof these forts was behind schedule. Maximinus, now praetorian prefect ofGaul, arranged with Aequitius to promote his son Marcellianus to the rankof dux per Valeriam and put him in charge of finishing the project. Theprotests of Quadic leaders continued to delay the project, and in a fitof frustration, Marcellianus murdered the Quadic king Gabinius at abanquet ostensibly arranged for peaceful negotiations. This roused theQuadi to war, along with their allies the Sarmatians. During the fallharvest, they broke across the Danube and began ravaging the province ofValeria. The marauders could not penetrate the fortified cities, but theyheavily damaged the unprotected countryside. Two legions, the Pannonicaand Moesiaca, were sent in, but they failed to coordinate their effortsand were routed by the Sarmatians. At the same time, another group ofSarmatians invaded Moesia, but they were driven back by the duxMoesiaeTheodosius the younger, future emperor and son of the magisterequitum.

Valentinian did not receive news of these disasters until mid-to-late374. In the spring of 375 he set out from Trier and came to Carnuntum,which was deserted. There he was met by Sarmatian envoys who beggedforgiveness for their actions. Valentinian replied that he wouldinvestigate what had happened and act accordingly. Valentinian ignoredMarcellianus? treacherous actions and decided to punish the Quadi. He,accompanied by Sebastianus and Merobaudes, spent the summer monthspreparing for the campaign and finally crossed into Quadic territory atAquincum (Budapest). After generally pillaging the Quadic lands andcarrying out acts of terrorism, he retired to Savaria (Szombathely) towinter quarters. For unknown reasons, he decided to continue campaigningand moved from Savaria to Brigetio (Komarom-Szony). It was herethat he received a deputation from the Quadi on November 17. In returnfor supplying fresh recruits to the Roman army, the Quadi were to beallowed to leave in peace. Before the envoys left, however, they weregranted an audience with Valentinian. The envoys insisted that theconflict was caused by the building of Roman forts in their lands, andthat furthermore individual bands of Quadi were not necessarily bound tothe rule of the chiefs who had made treaties with the Romans, and thusmight attack at any time. The attitude of the envoys so enragedValentinian that he suffered a stroke that ended his life.

Roman Society under Valentinian
Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian forhis military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keepingthe Roman empire from crumbling away by ?. . . reversing the generallywaning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..? Severalother aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman historyfor the next century. Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society,subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military ordertook over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperialcourt, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became avehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which wasincreasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that theimperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most ofthese new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the oldnobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. At thesame time, the empire was becoming more and more of a bureaucracy, withthe emperor delegating authority to a chain of officials. These officialsdid not always perform their job well and, as a result, the provincialpopulations became increasingly alienated from the imperial government.They were crushed under the increasing burden of taxation, and often theemperor, through his delegates, failed to provide the security for whichthe provincials' tribute was paying.

Valentinian, Christianity, and Legislation
Unlike his brother Valens, Valentinian refused to become embroiled in thereligious controversies of the time. Ammianus praised Valentinian for hisreligious neutrality. Valentinian refused to get involved in theArian controversy of the east, dismissing a deputation of eastern Nicenebishops who appealed to him to control Valens. Valentinian did,however, take a harsh stand against two of the heretical movements thathad grown during the past century in the west. In 372 he forbadegatherings of Manichees in the city of Rome. Such assemblies were toresult in the death of the leaders, the exile of the others, andconfiscation of the property of all involved. In addition heofficially condemned Donatist bishops in Africa in 373.

The ecclesiastical sources for this period generally have a favorableopinion of Valentinian. Jerome speaks in glowing terms, saying?Valentinian was an excellent emperor in most cases and similar incharacter to Aurelian, save only that certain people interpreted hisexcessive strictness and parsimony as cruelty and greed.? Socratesand Orosius took the story of his dismissal from the military byConstantius II and turned him into a martyr of sorts. According toSozomen, Valentinian was dismissed from the military by Julian, insteadof Constantius II, for refusing to perform a pagan ritual at a paganshrine. Less accurately, Theoderet, Sozomen, and Socrates praisedValentinian for installing Ambrose as bishop of Milan. Ambrose?spredecessor, Auxentius, had been an Arian.

Valentinian, however, was not uniformly friendly towards Christianity.For example, he ordered Symmachus, praefectus urbi of Rome in 365, to putto death and confiscate the property of any Christians who becamecustodians of temples. It seems, however, that much of hislegislation concerning Christians was driven by fiscal motives, ratherthan any real concern with religious doctrine. Any Manichees caught underthe law contributed their property to the fisc, and the condemnation ofthe Donatists could really be seen as a condemnation of those whoinhibited the collection of taxes from the African provinces. In otherexamples, Valentinian addressed a law to Damasus, Pope of Rome in 370,which forbade ecclesiastics to marry widows or female wards of the state.The purpose of this law was to stop churchmen from obtaining the wealthof such women through inheritance. On the other hand, Valentinianappears to have given Christians special privileges. For example, in 370he upheld a law of Constantius II that exempted professed NiceneChristians in the African provinces from obligatory municipalduties. Similarly, a law was passed in 371 that those in the cityof Rome who could prove that they were ecclesiastics before the accessionof Valentinian were exempt from municipal services.

Revenues lost by these measures had to be made up from other sources, andValentinian sought them from the senatorial order. In a law promulgatedon 18 October 365 in Paris and reaching Carthage on 18 January 366,Valentinian ordered Dracontius, vicarius Africae, to send out men tocollect taxes from those African estates which were owned by Romansenators. This law was in keeping with Valentinian?s generalhostility to the senatorial order.

Initially, it seemed that Valentinian actively sought to pacify the paganaristocracy at Rome by retaining the title pontifex maximus and bypassing legislation confirming toleration of the pagan practice ofdivination. In 371, however, he sanctioned a purge of the nobilityby the praefectus annonae Maximinus, whom he temporarily elevated to theoffice of urban prefect for this purpose. Members of the aristocracy werebrought before Maximinus and Valentinian?s old friend Leo on charges suchas using magic, using poison, and adultery. Punishments ranged fromexile to death. Ammianus cites many such cases, including those of thesenators Cethegus, killed for adultery, and Paphius and Cornelius,prosecuted and executed for using poison. The scale of Maximinus?prosecutions was such that even children were tried. One Alypius, whomAmmianus describes as nobilis adulescens, was exiled for an offenseAmmianus does not specify (and thus implies was trumped up), whileLollianus, son of the ex-prefect Lampadius, was sentenced to exile forwriting a book concerning the destructive use of magic (noxiarum artium).Lampadius appealed to Valentinian, who turned the case over toPhalangius, governor of Baetica, who sentenced Lollianus to death.

Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of asystematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of thesenatorial aristocracy. It was at the request of Maximinus thatValentinian abrogated the right of persons of senatorial rank to appealcases to the emperor, a right that had already been strictly curtailedduring the reign of Ampelius, Maximinus? predecessor as urban prefect. Hedid this by treating as treasonous such acts as adultery, use of magic,and poisoning. He also empowered Maximinus to use torture to extractconfessions from the accused. As with Lollianus, the appeals thatwere heard often resulted in a harsher punishment than the originalsentence.

Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus?allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige. In a law of364, Valentinian decreed that the equites now ranked in prestige onlybehind the senatorial order. In addition, these equites were exempt fromthe more onerous forms of compulsory service and senatorial taxes.Furthermore, a second law issued in 367 gave members of the imperialcourt the same privileges as senators. This law also established thatdischarged comites and tribunes could become senators.

In July of 372, Valentinian sent several pieces of legislation toAmpelius, praefectus urbi of Rome, putting members of the imperial courtand the military on equal footing with those who occupied places in thecivil administration. First, magistri peditum and magistri equitum wereto be of equal social prestige to praetorian prefects. In addition,quaestors, magistri officiorum, the comes sacrarum largitionum, the comesrerum privatarum, comites rei militaris, and magistri equitum outrankedproconsular governors. Finally, any member of the imperial courtoutranked vicarii.

Ammianus also observes that Valentinian?s main goal was to raise theprestige of the military. Zosimus confirms this by stating thatValentinian promoted many officers, and modified the system of taxcollection so that the army got its supplies more quickly. Valentinianissued several laws expressly intended to make the collection of taxeseasier. In 367, Valentinian instructed Probus that tax payments in kindcould now be made in three installments per annum or all at once.In addition, Valentinian raised the standard exactions. This increase intaxation alienated the provincials.

The African provinces illustrate this effect of Valentinian?s taxpolicies. When Romanus, as the military representative of the imperialgovernment, came to power in 363, he began exploiting the provincials inthe African diocese. When they refused to meet his exorbitant demands, heleft them to the vagaries of such peoples as the Austoriani. In addition,when Valentinian sent Palladius, a tribune and notarius, to investigate,Romanus split the stolen tax revenue with him to prevent Palladius fromreporting his misconduct to Valentinian. As a result of Romanus?actions, the provincials balked at paying any taxes. The fact thatValentinian had to resend the law directly to Dracontius, the vicarius ofAfrica in 367, confirms that the government was having a hard time incollecting its tribute. Valentinian was very distressed by thesituation, dispatching the notarius Neoterius, the protector domesticusMasaucio, and Gaudentius, a tribune of the Scutarii, to Africa in365. Theodosius took steps to ameliorate the situation upon hisarrival, declaring that the provincials did not have to supply his army.He would take any supplies he needed from the supporters of Firmus.

In addition, when Valentinian came to Pannonia in 375, the provincialstook the opportunity to complain bitterly about the oppression they hadsuffered under Probus, praetorian prefect for the region. According toAmmianus, the taxation was so onerous in Pannonia that many of theleading nobles fled, were imprisoned for debt, or killedthemselves. There may have been similar unrest in Gaul, forAmmianus reported that there was an outbreak of civil unrest among theprovincials there in 369, although he gives no details. Scholarssuch as Raymond Van Dam see such provincial outbreaks as signs that theimperial system was devolving to the local level.

Assessment of Valentinian's Reign
Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society,civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture betweenthe eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the lastemperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens wasclearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was agrowing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civilversus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west,driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fullyexercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trendswould continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Romanempire and western Europe.

Selected Bibliography

I. Primary Sources
Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt. W. Seyfarth,ed. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1978.
Consularia Constantinopolitana. T. Mommsen ed., Monumenta GermaniaeHistorica, Auctores Antiquissimi. Volume 9. Berlin, 1892.

Codex Theodosianus. T. Mommsen, P.M. Meyer, and P. Kr?ger, eds.Theodosiani libri XVI cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis et leges novellaead Theodosianum pertinentes (2 vols.). Berlin, 1905.

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. 6. T. Mommsen, ed. Berlin, 1875.

Epitome de Caesaribus. F.R. Pichlmayr, ed. Leipzig, 1961.

Jerome. Chronicon. R. Helm, ed., in Malcolm Drew Donalson, A Translationof Jerome?s Chronicon with Historical Commentary. Lewiston, NY, 1996.

Orosius. Adversus paganos historiarum libri septem. Z. Zangemeister, ed.Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum 5. Vienna, 1882.

Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca 67.Paris, 1864.

Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca 67.Paris, 1864.

Theoderet. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca 82.Paris, 1864.

Zosimus. Historia nova. Fran?ois Paschoud, ed. and trans., Zosime:Histoire Nouvelle (3 vols.). Paris, 1971-89.

II. Secondary Sources

Alf?ldi, Andreas. A Conflict of Ideas in the Late Roman Empire: The Clashbetween the Senate and Valentinian I. Translated by Harold Mattingly.Oxford, 1952.

Blockley, R.C. ?The Date of the ?Barbarian Conspiracy.?? Britannia 11(1980): 223-5.

Burns, Thomas S. Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of RomanMilitary Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375-425 A.D. Bloomington, 1994.

Hind, J.G.F. ?The British ?Provinces? of Valentia and Orcades.? Historia24 (1975): 101-11.

Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A Social, Economic, andAdministrative Survey. 3 Volumes. Oxford, 1964.

________. ?The Social Background of the Struggle Between Paganism andChristianity.? In The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in theFourth Century, ed. Arnaldo Momigliano, 17-37. Oxford, 1963.

________., J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris, eds. The Prosopography of theLater Roman Empire, Volume I A.D. 260-395. Cambridge, 1971.

Matthews, John F. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. London, 1989.

________. "Symmachus and the magister militum Theodosius." Historia 20(1971): 122-8.

________. "Mauretania in Ammianus and the Notitia." In Aspects of the"Notitia Dignitatum", eds. R. Goodburn and P. Bartholomew, 157-86.Oxford, 1976.

________. Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364-425. Oxford,1975.

Momigliano, Arnaldo, ed. The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianityin the Fourth Century. Oxford, 1963.

Nagl, A. "Valentinianus I." RE 14: 2158ff.

Napoli, Jo?lle. ?Ultimes fortifications du limes.? In L?arm?e romaine etles barbares du IIIe au VIIe si?cle, eds. Fran?oise Vallet and MichelKazanski, 67-76. Paris, 1993.

Oldenstein, J?rgen. ?La fortification d?Alzey et la defense de lafronti?re romaine le long du Rhine au IVe et au Ve si?cles.? In L?arm?eromaine et les barbares du IIIe au VIIe si?cle, eds. Fran?oise Vallet andMichel Kazanski, 125-33. Paris, 1993.

Pearce, J.W.E. The Roman Imperial Coinage: Vol. 9 Valentinian I toTheodosius I. Harold Mattingly, C.H.V. Sutherland, and R.A.G. Carson eds.London, 1972.

Stein, Ernest. Histoire du bas-empire. Translated by Jean-Remy Palanque.Amsterdam, 1968.

Thompson, E.A. ?Ammianus Marcellinus and Britain.? Nottingham MedievalStudies 34 (1990): 1-15.

Tomlin, Roger. ?The Date of the ?Barbarian Conspiracy.?? Britannia 5(1974): 303-9.

Van Dam, Raymond. Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul.Berkeley, 1985.

Warmington, B.H. ?The Career of Romanus, Comes Africae.? ByzantinischeZeitschrift 49 (1956): 55-64.

Notes

For a survey of the primary source for Valentinian I, see A.H.M.Jones, J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris, The Prospography of the LaterRoman Empire, Volume 1 A.D. 260-395 (Cambridge, 1971), s.v. ?FlaviusValentinianus 7 [hereafter cited as PLRE 1]; and Karl Mittelhaus andKonrat Ziegler, eds. Paulys Realencyclop?die der classischenAltertumswissenschaft, 2nd ed. Volume 14 (Munich, 1948), s.v.?Valentinianus 1,? by Assunta Nagl.

For the date see Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum gestarum libri quisupersunt, 30.6.6, ed. W. Seyfarth, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1978); Socrates,Historia Ecclesiastica, 4.31, in Patrologia Graeca 67, ed. J.P. Migne(Paris 1864); and Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica, 6.31, in PatrologiaGraeca 67, ed. J.P. Migne (Paris 1864). For the place see Ammianus30.7.2; Zosimus, 3.36.2; Socrates 4.1; Jerome, Chronicon, Olympiad 285.4,ed. R. Helm in Malcolm Drew Donalson, A Translation of Jerome?s Chroniconwith Historical Commentary (Lewiston, NY, 1996), 112; and Epitome decaesaribus, 45.2, ed. F.R. Pichlmayr (Leipzig, 1961).

Ammianus 30.7.1-3.

Ibid., 16.11.6-7.

PLRE 1 s.v. ?Marina Severa 2;? ?Justina;? ?Justa 1;? and ?Galla 2.?

Ammianus 25.8.8-10.

Ibid., 25.10.6.

Ibid., 25.8.11-12.

Ibid., 25.10.6-9. Zosimus 3.35.1-2 relates basically the same story,but says that Valentinian?s party was sent to Pannonia in order to informthe army there of Julian?s death. The Batavi legion in Pannonia regardedJovian as a usurper and attacked the envoys. Valentinian only escapeddeath by running away.

Ammianus 25.10.13; Consularia Constantinopolitana, 364.2, T.Mommsen ed., in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Auctores Antiquissimi,Volume 9 (Berlin, 1892); and PLRE I, s.v. ?Fl. Jovianus 3.?

Ammianus 26.1.3-6.

Ibid., 26.1.7-14.

Ibid., 26.2.1.

Ibid., 26.2.2-11.

Ibid., 26.4.1-2.

Ibid., 24.6.3; 26.5.1.

Ibid., 26.5.2-3.

Ibid., 26.5.5; Zosimus 4.3.1; and Theoderet, HistoriaEcclesiastica, 5.5, in Patrologia Graeca 82, ed. J.P. Migne (Paris 1864).

Ammianus 26.5.4-5.

Ibid., 26.5.7.

Ibid., 26.5.8. Three laws actually put Valentinian in Paris betweenOct. 18 and Dec. 12. Codex Theodosianus, 8.1.11; 10.19.3; 11.1.13, T.Mommsen, P.M. Meyer, and P. Kr?ger, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cumconstitutionibus sirmondianis et leges novellae ad Theodosianumpertinentes, 2 vols., (Berlin, 1905).

Ammianus 26.8-13.

J.W.E. Pearce, Roman Imperial Coinage: Vol. 9 Valentinian I toTheodosius I, eds. Harold Mattingly, C.H.V. Sutherland, and R.A.G. Carson(London, 1972), 13-21; 34-47; 54-67.

Ammianus 27.7.1-5; 27.2.1-11.

Ibid., 27.10.1-16.

Ibid., 28.2.1-9. For a discussion of the archaeological evidencewhich supports the literary accounts of Valentinian?s program see Jo?lleNapoli, ?Ultimes fortifications du limes,? in L?arm?e romaine et lesbarbares du IIIe au VIIe si?cle, eds. Fran?oise Vallet and MichelKazanski (Paris, 1993), 67-76; and J?rgen Oldenstein, ?La fortificationd?Alzey et la d?fense de la fronti?re romaine le long du Rhine au IVe etau Ve si?cles,? in ibid., 125-33.

Ammianus 28.5.1-7.

Ibid., 28.5.8-14.

Ibid., 29.4.1-7.

Ibid., 30.3.1-6.

Ibid., 27.8.1-5; 27.6.1-16. For the problems of chronology withthese events see Roger Tomlin, ?The Date of the ?Barbarian Conspiracy?,?Britannia 5 (1974): 304-5; and R.C. Blockley, ?The Date of the ?BarbarianConspiracy?,? Britannia 11 (1980): 223-4.

Ammianus, 27.8.3; 27.10.6.

Ibid., 27.8.6-10.

Ibid., 28.3.1-9; see J.G.F. Hind, ?The British ?Provinces? ofValentia and Orcades,? Historia 24 (1975): 101-11; and E.A. Thompson,?Ammianus Marcellinus and Britain,? Nottingham Medieval Studies 34(1990): 1-15.

Ammianus 28.3.9.

Ibid., 29.5.1-55; for details of the campaign see John F. Matthews,"Mauretania in Ammianus and the Notitia," in Aspects of the "NotitiaDignitatum", eds. R. Goodburn and P. Bartholomew (Oxford, 1976), 157-86.

Ammianus 29.6.1-16.

Ibid., 30.5.1-15.

Ibid., 30.6.1-6.

Ibid., 29.4.1; Zosimus 4.3.4-5; Thomas S. Burns, Barbarians withinthe Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians,ca. 375-425 A.D. (Bloomington, 1994): 1-42; Ernest Stein, Histoire dubas-empire, trans. Jean-Remy Palanque (Amsterdam, 1968), 181-3.

Burns, Barbarians within the Gates, 294, n.4.

John F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court A.D.364-425 (Oxford, 1975), 30-55; idem, The Roman Empire of Ammianus(London, 1989), 284-6; A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284-602: ASocial, Economic, and Administrative Survey, Volume 1 (Norman, 1964),138-54; and A.H.M. Jones, ?The Social Background of the Struggle betweenPaganism and Christianity,? in The Conflict Between Paganism andChristianity in the Fourth Century, ed. Arnaldo Momigliano (Oxford,1963), 17-37. For a contrary view see Andreas Alf?ldi, A Conflict ofIdeas in the Late Roman Empire: The Clash Between the Senate andValentinian I, trans. Harold Mattingly (Oxford, 1952).

Ammianus 30.9.5.

Sozomen 6.7.

CTh 16.5.3.

Ibid. 16.6.1.

Jerome, Chronicon, Olympiad 286.1, ed. R. Helm, in Malcolm DrewDonalson, A Translation of Jerome?s Chronicon with Historical Commentary(Lewiston, NY, 1996), 113.

Sozomen 6.6; Orosius, 7.32, states that Valentinian voluntarilywent into exile.

Socrates 4.30; Sozomen 6.24; and Theoderet 5.6.

CTh 16.1.1.

Ibid., 16.2.20.

Ibid., 16.2.18.

Ibid., 16.2.21.

Ibid., 11.1.13.

CIL, 6.1175; CTh 9.16.5.

Ammianus 28.1.10-12.

Ibid., 28.1.16; 28.1.29.

Ibid., 28.1.16; 28.1.26.

Ibid., 28.1.11; CTh 9.16.10.

Ibid., 6.37.1.

Ibid., 6.35.7.

Ibid., 6.7.1; 6.9.1; 6.11.1; 6.14.1; and 6.22.4.

Ibid., 11.1.15.

Ammianus 28.6.1-18.

CTh 11.1.16.

Ammianus 26.5.13.

Ibid., 29.5.10. For the social implications of Firmus? revolt seeB.H. Warmington, ?The Career of Romanus, Comes Africae,? ByzantinischeZeitschrift 49 (1956): 55-64; and John F. Matthews, ?Symmachus and themagister militum Theodosius,? Historia 20 (1971): 122-8.

Ammianus 30.5.5-10.

Ibid., 28.2.10.

Raymond Van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul(Berkeley, 1985), 7-24.

Copyright (C) 1998, Walter E. Roberts. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents, including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact. 		Valentinian I (Emperor Of The Western Roman Empire - 364-375) (I28288)
 
11416 Valentinian III, Latin in full, Flavius Placidius Valentinianus (b. 2July 419, Ravenna - d. 27 Mar 455, Rome), Roman emperor from 425 to 455.At no time in his long reign were the affairs of state personally managedby Valentinian. He was the son of the patrician Flavius Constantius (whoruled as Constantius III in 421) and Galla Placidia. When his uncle, theemperor Honorius, died in 423, the usurper John ruled for two yearsbefore he was deposed. Then Placidia controlled the West in her youngson's name until 437, although the powerful patrician Aetius became theeffective ruler toward the end of this regency. The most importantpolitical event of these years was the landing of the Vandals in Africain 429; 10 years later they threw off the overlordship of Valentinian'sgovernment.

On 29 Oct 437, Valentinian married Licinia Eudoxia, the daughter ofTheodosius II (Eastern emperor, 408-450) and Eudocia. Little is known ofValentinian in the years after his marriage. He spent his life in thepursuit of pleasure while Aetius controlled the government. In 444Valentinian, acting in conjunction with Pope Leo I the Great, issued thefamous Novel 17, which assigned to the bishop of Rome supremacy over theprovincial churches. The most important political events of the closingyears of his reign were the Hun invasions of Gaul (451) and of northernItaly (452), but it is not known whether Valentinian personally playedany significant part in meeting these crises.

As a result of false information that made him doubt Aetius's loyalty,Valentinian murdered the great patrician with his own hands in theimperial palace at Rome on 21 Sep 454. The following year, twobarbarians, Optila and Thraustila, who had been reatiners of Aetius,avenged their master by murdering the Emperor in the Campus Martius.[Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1995]

From Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina:

Valentinian's Early Years -Placidus Valentinianus, later the emperorValentinian III, was born in 419, the son of the emperor Honorius' sisterGalla Placidia and the patrician, later emperor, Constantius. He was thebrother of Justa Grata Honoria. In the early 420s he was proclaimed MostNoble (Nobilissimus) by his uncle Honorius, but neither this title norhis father's emperorship were initially recognized in the east. After hismother's falling out with Honorius, the young Valentinian accompanied herand his sister to exile at the court of his cousin Theodosius II(402-450) at Constantinople. The eastern attitude toward Valentinianchanged in 423, when the usurper Johannes seized power in the west.Valentinian was first reaffirmed as Nobilissimus in 423/424, and then wasnamed Caesar (junior emperor) in 424. In the same year he was betrothedto his cousin Licinia Eudoxia, the daughter of Theodosius II. In 425 hewas proclaimed Augustus at Rome after the defeat of Johannes, and in 437he returned to Constantinople for his marriage. A partially extant poemin honor of the nuptials was written by the poet Merobaudes.

Valentinian's Reign - In the early years of his reign, Valentinian wasovershadowed by his mother. After his marriage in 437, moreover, much ofthe real authority lay in the hands of the Patrician and Master ofSoldiers Aetius. Nor does Valentinian seem to have had much of anaptitude for rule. He is described as spoiled, pleasure-loving, andinfluenced by sorcerers and astrologers. He divided his time primarilybetween Rome and Ravenna. Like his mother, Valentinian was devoted toreligion. He contributed to churches of St. Laurence in both Rome andRavenna. He also oversaw the accumulation of ecclesiastical authority inthe hands of the bishop of Rome as he granted ever greater authority andprestige to pope Leo the Great (440-461) in particular.

Valentinian's Death - Valentinian's reign saw the continued dissolutionof the western empire. By 439, nearly all of North Africa was effectivelylost to the Vandals; Valentinian did attempt to neutralize that threat bybetrothing his sister Placidia to the Vandal prince Huneric. In Spain,the Suevi controlled the northwest, and much of Gaul was to all intentsand purposes controlled by groups of Visigoths, Burgundians, Franks, andAlans. In 454, Valentinian murdered his supreme general Aetius,presumably in an attempt to rule in his own right. But in the next year,he himself was murdered by two members of his bodyguard, ex-partisans ofAetius.

Although Valentinian was ineffectual as a ruler, his legitimate statusand connection to the old ruling dynasty provided a last vestige of unityfor the increasingly fragmented Roman empire. After his death, the decayof the west accelerated. The different regions of the west went their ownway, and the last several western emperors, the so-called "Shadow" or"Puppet" Emperors, not only were usually overshadowed by one barbariangeneral or other, but also were limited primarily to Italy.

Bibliography -
Editions - Primary sources: For legislation issued by Valentinian, seethe Constitutiones sirmondinianae and the Novella Valentiniani publishedin the Codex Theodosianus, see also the Codex Justinianus.

Critical Studies -
Barnes, Timothy D. "Patricii Under Valentinian III." Phoenix 29(1975):155-170
Ensslin, Wilhelm "Valentinians III. Novellen XVII und VIII von 445."Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung f?r Rechtsgeschichte, R?manistischeAbteilung 57(1937): 367-378
Musumeci, Anna Maria, "La politica ecclesiastica di Valentiniano III."Siculorum gymnasium 30 ns(1977): 431-481.
Selb, Walter, "Episcopalis audientia von der Zeit Konstantins bis zurNov. XXXV Valentinians III." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung f?rRechtsgeschichte, R?manistische Abteilung 84(1967): 162-217.

Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents,including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact. 		Valentinian III (Emperor Of The Western Roman Empire - 425-455) (I28258)
 
11417 Venables Family and Personal Papers

http://catalogue.cheshirearchives.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DLT%2f11%2f3%2f5%2f7&pos=2

46. William son and heir of Roger de Venables granted to Hugh son and heir of William de Venables half the vill of Bradwall for life, for a pair of white gloves.

49. William de Venables lord of Kinderton granted to William his son, all the land which he had of the gift of Elizabeth in Routhestorne Tatton and Haselhurst.

50. William de Venables son and heir of Roger de Venables, confirmed the gift which Hugh de Venables made to Roger his son, of the fourth part of Hope.

52. William de Venables of Kinderton gave to William, his son, all his land in the vill of Bradwall, except that approved from the waste.

82. William son of William Venables of Bradwall granted to John de Leigh all his lands which he had of the gift of his father. Witnessed by Peter de Warburton, William de Bagglegh, knights, William de Modburlegh, Robert de Masci of Tatton, Hamo de Asheley.
1319

And much more...

From

Sir Peter Leycester's 'Pedigrees of Cheshire Families', 1666, Cheshire Records Office
http://catalogue.cheshirearchives.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DLT%2f11%2f3%2f5

------
Sir William de Venables, knight and baron of Kinderton son of Roger, mentioned 1267 and died 1292.

1st wife unknown. They had a daughter Cecily who married Adam the clerk of Allehulme near Brereton.

Ormerod volume 3 page 198

===============================
Sir William de VENABLES Baron of Kinderton was born 1218 in Kinderton, Cheshire, England. He died 1292 in Kinderton, Cheshire, England. He was the son of Roger de Venables & Alice Pennington.

He married Margaret de DUTTON on 1245 in Kinderton, Cheshire, England. Margaret de DUTTON was born 1227 in Dutton, Cheshire, England. She was the daughter of Thomas Dutton & Phillipa de Sandon.
They had the following children:

1. Sir Hugh de VENABLES Baron of Kinderton was born 1246 and died 1311. Married Agatha de Vernon
2. Sir William de VENABLES Knight was born 1248 and died 1301. Married Agnes de Legh.
3. Elizabeth de VENABLES was born 1254. Married Richard Donne.
Children also seen in this generation:

Cecilia de Venables b: ABT 1276 in Kinderton, Cheshire, England.
Catherine de Venables b: ABT 1272 in Kinderton, Cheshire, England
Notes

His name appears on several deeds, the first of which bears the date of 1267. He restored to the monks of Chester the advowson of Ashbury, of which his father had despoiled them.

(Ormerod) Sir William de Venables.
Sources:

1. Ormerod, George, The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester (London: Lackington, Hughes, Mavor & Jones, 1819.), 1:499, 644, Family History Library, 942.71 H2or.
2. Ormerod, G., History of the County Palatine of Chester, 3:199.
Links

http://www.multiwords.de/genealogy/Ve20%20Joan%20Venables.html
http://www.celtic-casimir.com/webtree/16/35895.htm
http://cybergata.com/roots/5225.htm
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=johanson&id=I36154
view all 18
Sir William de Venables, Baron of Kinderton's Timeline
1235
Birth of William, Kinderton Cum Hulme, Northwich, Cheshire, England
1256
Age 21, Birth of Hugh de Venables, 8th Baron Kinderton, Kinderton Cum Hulme, Northwich, Cheshire, England
1257
Age 22, Birth of Sir William Venables, of Bradwall, Kinderton Cum Hulme, Northwich, Cheshire, England
1265
Age 30, Birth of Elizabeth Done, Kinderton, Cheshire, England
1276
Age 41, Birth of Cecilia de Venables, Kinderton, Cheshire, England
July 12, 1291
Age 56
Death of William, Kinderton Cum Hulm. Northwick, Cheshire, England 		DE VENABLES, Sir William 6th Baron of Kinderton (I594766466)
 
11418 verh. 16.06.1878
_INET
_MHRM 0
_MHSM 0
_RDATE 21 JUN 2022
 		EISELE, Elisabetha (I594769354)
 
11419 verh. 16.06.1878 EISELE, Elisabetha (I594769354)
 
11420 verh. 1870
_INET
_MHRM 2
_MHSM 0
_MHAV adds sibling
_RDATE 21 JUN 2022
 		EISELE, Margaretha (I594769351)
 
11421 verh. 1889
_INET
_MHRM 1
_MHSM 0
_MHAV adds spouse
_RDATE 21 JUN 2022
 		EISELE, Maria (I594769358)
 
11422 verh. 20.07.1882
_INET
_MHRM 1
_MHSM 0
_MHAV adds spouse
_RDATE 21 JUN 2022
 		EISELE, Magdalena (I594769357)
 
11423 verh. 21.04.1872
_INET
_MHRM 0
_MHSM 0
_RDATE 21 JUN 2022
 		EISELE, Elisabetha Rosina (I594769353)
 
11424 verh. 21.04.1872 EISELE, Elisabetha Rosina (I594769353)
 
11425 verh., 2 S?hne
_INET
_MHRM 0
_MHSM 0
_RDATE 20 FEB 2022
 		BOOS, Georg (I594769450)
 
11426 verheiratet, 4 Kinder
_INET
_MHRM 0
_MHSM 0
_RDATE 20 FEB 2022
 		BOOS, Luise (I594769455)
 
11427 verheiratete B?rk

 		EISELE, Katharina Magdalena (I594769257)
 
11428 VErnon Thompson age 21 Marriage Book F-586 CARNEY, Minnie (I1391)
 
11429 Very little is known about the background of the Gullage Family. Most of the information that could be found came from a journal that John Gullage kept on his journey from around Cheraw and Society Hill, South Carolina. The earliest date found in the journal of John Gullage was July 1, 1825; therefore, he must have been born in the early 1800's or the very late 1790's.

John Gullage married Nancy McCall
John's sister Mary? Gullage married ????McCall
William Gullage was John's brother
John Gullage two sisters: Caroline Gullage Wilkes and Margreat Gullage Byrd
And a niece Frances Byrd

Note: Letters from family and friends are on file. Also, there is a little history included.

Late in the evening on a Christmas Eve, probably in the year 1847, some of our McCall ancestors (John Gullage's family) arrived at their first home in Mississippi. They had traveled for 44 days by wagon train through rain, snow, hail, and flood from Society Hill, South Carolina.
The entries in this journal made after 1862 are believed to have been made by Thomas Gullage McCall.

All the information in this research is the work of several persons: Dr. D.A. McCall and his wife Margie Parks McCall who preserved the John Gullage journal; Thomas Joseph and Florrie Jones McCall for their encouragement and for much of the supporting data and information; John Cullum Halbrook, Jr. for beginning this genealogy which is so important to all of us; and ?Mugga? (Ernestine McCall Halbrook) to whom family was so important and instilled that same love of family in her children.

Note: This journal is in a handwritten journal. The earliest date in it is July 1, 1825 and the latest is 1875. It lists receipts for payments and work done, mail route expenses, and postage charges; it also relates brotherhood signs and signals, church meetings, and ?cures for charbon and flusk.? It was begun by John Gullage and continued by his nephew Thomas Gullage McCall. Thomas Gullage McCall was remembered by one son Duncan Dent McCall as being a small man who in later life had a slight limp. He was a good mechanic and blacksmith who could cut grooves in a log to make the big screw for the press that baled cotton after it was ginned. It was said that he had a mail route somewhere between Mobile, Alabama, and Laurel, Mississippi, and during the Civil War was at times given special shoes with messages hidden in them. On July 18, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company D, Second Regiment of Mississippi State Troops which is noted in ?A History of Simpson County to 1865? (p. 161) as Barwicks County, Fourth Cavalry of Company D, Second Quinns State Troops. 		GULLEDGE (GULLAGE), John (I396)
 
11430 Vexin, Normandy, France VALOIS, Gauthier I Comte D'amiens Et Vexin De (I10810)
 
11431 Vicomte (Viscount) de Rennes VANNES, Judica?l De Rennes Bishop Of (I10818)
 
11432 Vicomte (Viscount) de Thouars THOUARS, Aimery IV Viscount Of (I10628)
 
11433 Vicomte d'Exmes NORTHUMBERLAND, Thurstan De Goz Earl Of (I10707)
 
11434 Vicomte d'Hiesmer NORTHUMBERLAND, Thurstan De Goz Earl Of (I10707)
 
11435 Vincent was a farmer. He also was a member of Captain Roger's Old Militia Company, #1846 (1812) Davidson County, Tennessee.

References: 1820 Census - Davidson County, Tennessee - 1 male - over 45 1 female - 26/45 1 female - 10/16 2 females - under 10
1830 Census - Davidson County, Tennessee Vinson Kerney 2 males - 50 to 60 2 males - under 5 1 female - 20 to 30 1 female - 15 to 20
1840 Census - Davidson County, Tennessee 3 males - under 5 2 males - 5/10 1 male - 60/70 1 female - 5/10 1 female - 40/50 1 female - 70/80 - NOT Hepsey/Hixey - Who was she????? 2 female slaves under 10 1 female slave between 36 & 55 Employed in Agriculture
Davidson County, Tennessee Marriage Records January 2, 1789/1849 - page 92, book 1 Neighbor in 1840 of the following: J.B.G. Carney - son of Elijah Carney William Frensley - son-in-law Henly Moses - son-in-law E.M.H. Carney - son of Elijah Carney Elijah Carney - brother???
Davidson County, Tennessee Will Books, Vol 13 (1843-1846), page 45 Extract of Will of Vincent Carney dated February 23, 1844 - deceased by April 1844 daughter, Caroline Rose daughter, Ebaline Moses daughter, Polly Frensley son, William wife, Hexey (Hepsey/Hixey) - - -"to raise and support other children until youngest son is 21"--- younger children: George, Margaret, Allen, Thomas, Henry, Patsy
Book: "Pioneers of Davidson County, Tennessee" - By: Edythe R. Whitley "The men in Captain Roger's Old Militia Company lived in the North East part of Davidson County from Dry Fork/Whites Creek to Sycamore Creek"
Tax List Index - Tennessee State Archives, Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee page 18 - Vinson Kearney - 1805 - Davidson County, Tennessee page 54 - Vincent Carney - 1811 - Davidson County, Tennessee page 14 - Vincent Carney - 1829 - Davidson County, Tennessee Source: Tennessee State Archives - Roll #1605 - Davidson County - Court Minutes - 1808/1819 April 1813 - Page 1043 "Daniel Reeves allowed the sum of $5, appraised value of a stray horse taken up by Vincent Kerney"
Davidson County, Tennessee Land Transaction Vinson (Vincent) Carney - Grantee from Frederick Stump November 24, 1808 Filed June 06, 1809 G-465 100 acres Whites Creek Davidson County, Tennessee
Land Transaction Vinson (Vincent) Carney - from C. Waggnor May 27, 1816 File 9-1816 L 327 100 acres Whites Creek Davidson County, Tennessee
Land Transaction Vinson (Vincent) Carney - from J. Stump April 6, 1831 File 5-861 (Filed April 26, 1831) 34 acres Dry Fork - Whites Creek

Davidson County Will Book 13, p. 45:
I, Vincent Carney do make and publish this as my last Will and testament, hereby revoking and making void all other Wills by me at any time made.
First - I direct that my funeral expenses and all my debts be paid as soon after my death as possible out of any money that I may die possessed of or may first come into the hands of my Executor.
Secondly - I give and bequeath to the heirs of my daughter, Caroline Rose the sum of one dollar.
Thirdly - I give and bequeath to my daughter, Ebaline Moses twenty-five dollars.
Fourthly - I give and bequeath to my daughter, Polly Frensley twenty-five dollars
Fifthly - I give and bequeath to my son William Carney fifty dollars.
Sixthly - my will and desire is that all the rest and residue of my estate remain in the possession of my wife Hixey Carney for to raise and support my children until my youngest living son shall arise to the age of twenty one provided that she remain a widow that long. My will and desire is that when my youngest living son shall arise to the age of twenty one that all my estate real and personal be sold on a credit of twelve months and the procedes thereof to be equally divided between my said wife Hixey Carney and my sons and daughters. George Carney Margaret Carney Allen Carney Thomas Carney Henry Carney and Patsey Carney but in case my wife should die or marry before my youngest living son shall arise to the age of twenty one then and in that case all my estate to be sold and divided as above mentioned.
Lastly - I do hereby nominate and appoint Henry Holt my Executor. In witness whereof I do to this my will set my hand and seal this the twenty third day of February eighteen hundred and forty four.
Vincent (X) Carney
Signed, sealed and published in our presence and we have subscribed our names here to in the presence of the testator this 23rd day of February 1844. Test., Jonathan R. Garrett Wilkins T. Garrett


Rule Docket #1815 W. J. Waggoner & others vs William Carney & others
Suit to divide property of Vincent Carney as youngest son Henry reaches age 25. Copy of Vincent's will in file. Probably around 300 pages accounting for back and front of some. The property is 437 acres of land. A number of depositions dealing with the cutting of timber on the land over the years since Vincent Carney's death.

Amended Bill of Complaint of George W. Waggoner, Margaret Carney, Henry Carney and Henry Holt Executor of Vincent Carney decd. Against William Carney, George Carney, Allen Carney, Thomas Carney (one place this surname is given a Cooper but apparently a mistake), Wiley Gourd and Patsy Gourd formerly Patsey Carney all defendants being citizens of Davidson Co. except Wiley Gourd and wife Patsey and the complainants being residents of Davidson Co. Tn. Original bill filed 13 August 1857. State that in March of 1844 Vincent Carney died at his residence. 		CARNEY, Vincent (I22673)
 
11436 Vipsania Agrippina was the daughter of Augustus' invaluable ally, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and of Julia, Augustus' only daughter. She was thus raised intimately within Rome's first imperial family under the stern eye of her step-grandmother, Livia. As a member of that family, Agrippina would have been expected to embody the same strict Roman virtues as her mother and grandmother; frugality, chastity, and domesticity. Insofar as the traditional values described above applied to her mother, Julia failed spectacularly at all three and was banished by the Emperor; yet to the end of her days, Agrippina arrogantly prized her descent from the divine Augustus. In 11 BC, after Agrippa's death (by whom Julia had five children), Augustus forced Julia into a political marriage with her stepbrother, Tiberius, Livia's son. Agrippina was 3 years old when Augustus became her stepfather. The marriage, initially tranquil, became deeply dysfunctional. Tiberius left Rome for Rhodes, allegedly to avoid the scandal of his wife's sexually infidelities. In 2 BC, when Agrippina was only 12, Augustus discovered that his daughter was whiling away her spare time by committing adulteries on a notorious scale. The fact that Julia had been forced into not one, but three, loveless political marriages at her father's behest was no excuse. Augustus had passed severe laws against adultery in his attempts at moral reform. Allegedly he learned of her behavior through her sons (and his adopted children), Gaius and Lucius, Agrippina's brothers, who protested that their mother's behavior was notorious. Augustus banished Julia for life to the island of Pandateria off the western Italian coast, although she was later permitted to move to slightly easier house arrest at Rhegium. Agrippina never saw her mother again. It would be yet another source of friction between Agrippina and her former stepfather when, after Augustus' death, Tiberius effectively starved Julia to death by stopping her allowance. After Julia's exile, Agrippina and her remaining siblings were raised by Augustus and Livia. One wonders at the psychological impact on the daughter of her mother's passive fate. She could not have imagined that the same fate would befall her. Life With Germanicus, 5-19 AD At the age of 18 or 19, Agrippina was married to Nero Claudius Drusus "Germanicus", Livia's grandson, probably in 5 AD. It is important to understand that Germanicus, son of Livia's son Drusus (brother of Tiberius), was an attractive, educated general with genuine star-power popularity with the Roman people. She bore him nine children, half of whom would die in the imperial power-struggles following the death of Augustus. She was by all accounts a loyal and affectionate wife and supported her husband while on campaign in the approved manner. MAJOR, Vipsania Agrippina (I9247)
 
11437 Virginia, Pvt CO C 25 OM Training BN WWII JONES, Virgil Jackson (I18822)
 
11438 Viscount (Seigneur) de Conteville CONTEVILLE, Herlouin Viscount Of (I10716)
 
11439 Viscount of Avranches AVRANCHES, Richard Goz Viscount D' (I10706)
 
11440 Visigothic Emperor of Spain VISIGOTHS, Amalaric Emperor Of Spain Of The (I11108)
 
11441 Vivian Bruce (Vivian Kessler), who requested her name be removed from tree. [email protected]
"Bruce Searcher" 		BRUCE, Living (I29472)
 
11442 W. H. Russell Family (F2981)
 
11443 Wabash County Lineages - Colonial Revolutionary Pioneer
page 49
1. JOHN COMPTON and his wife, Mary lived in Charles County, Maryland. Mary is said to have been born in England. They were the parents of at least one son.

 		CLARK, Mary (I30129)
 
11444 Wake County, NC - Will & Estate Records File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Norma N. Diggs In the Name of God Amen I Penelope Speight of the county of Wake and State of North Carolina widow being in perfect health of body and mind and memory thanks be given to almighty God but calling to mind the mortality of my body and knowing that it is appointed for all men once to die do make and ordain this my last will & Testament in manner & form following, Imprimus I bequeath my body to the earth to be buried in a descent Christian like manner and my soul I recommend into the hands of almighty God not doubting but that I shall by his almighty power receive the same again at the General Resurection and as to what Worthy estate that hath pleased God to bless me with in this life I dispose of thru manner & form & all owning. Item, I bequeath to my daughter Tabitha Edwards the stock of cattle which she has of mine in her possession to her and her heirs & assigns for ever also one Ginnea (?). Item, I give and bequeath to my Grand daughter Penelope Edwards one Feather Bead now in the possession of Uriah Edwards o her & her Heirs for Ever. Item, I give and bequeath to my son James Speight one bay mare one cart and work glass one bead and Furniture to him and his heirs forever. Item, I bequeath to my grand daughter Rebecah Speight one Gray year old Colt to her and heirs forever after. I give and bequeath to my Grand Daughter Polly Rose my riding Saddle to her & her heirs forever Item, I bequeath to my Grand Children that is the surviving children of my son wiliam Speight all the rest of my property of every kind after paying my just debts to be sold and equally divided among them and their heirs and assigns for ever. I do hereby appoint my truste friend Matthew McCullers and my son James Speight Executors to this my last will and Testament Revoking all other wills by me here to fore made in Testamony whereof I the said penelope speight have hereunto set my hand and seal the 2nd day of December one thousand Eight hundred and twenty one. The word Children Interlined before assigned. Signed sealed and acknowledged in the Penelope Speight {Seal} presence of us Her mark "H" (unusal, looks like a wide italic capital) G. Huckabee Jos. Huckabee

Cannot confirm parents at present... lots of erroneous stuff on ancestry.com that is not possible. 		MCLENDON, Penelope (I10439)
 
11445 Wakefield, Robt. has death date as 1762 HATCH, Amy Allen (I4923)
 
11446 Wales ISLE OF MAN, Guriat (Gyriad) Ap Elidyr King Of (I6867)
 
11447 Wales BROCHWEL, Cadell Ap (I11017)
 
11448 Walker Park in Blytheville was named after John B. Walker. WALKER, John B. (I29378)
 
11449 Walter Barclay, Baron of Gartlie, who was designated " of that Ilk," succeeded his father. The Baron entertained Mary, Queen of Scots at Gartlie Castle, on her return from a visit to Inverness, and she is said to have spent the night there ; a letter from Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth dated at Gartlie, 24th August 1564, bears out the former fact.
He married Margaret Ogilvy, and by her, who was
living on 6th September 1528, he had issue two sons :
1. GEORGE BARCLAY, his heir.
2. WALTER BARCLAY OF BALLINAGOAK. 		BARCLAY, Walter 18th of Gartley (I594772000)
 
11450 Walter Bunch was an iron moulder in a stove foundry. Their chidren's names were Laura (knicknamed Dolly?), Jessie, Lillian, Cliffie Lee, John Leo (my father), Gordon, Mary Evelyn, Mildred, and Edith. I don't believe that Edith ever married or left the family home.

According to Draft Carn, was of medium Height, Medium Build, Brown Eyes, Dark Hair, and his birth day (26th) was obtained. Working at Hardwick Foundry. 		BUNCH, Walter Joseph (I15891)
 

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