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2901 Appointed co-ruler by Emperor Diocletian ROMAN EMPIRE, Maximian Augustus Emperor Of West (I11085)
 
2902 Appointed Glycerius Emperor of the West Roman Empire BURGUNDY, Gundobad (Gondebaut) King Of (I4342)
 
2903 Appoints Clotaire IV as King of Austrasia. Charles Martel "The Hammer" Mayor Of Palace (I11289)
 
2904 Appoints Constantius I Chlorus as Caesar of the West. ROMAN EMPIRE, Maximian Augustus Emperor Of West (I11085)
 
2905 Apprentice of Ignatius Jordain his father-in-law. His son may also have been Ignatius' apprentice and became a reverand? DUNCAN, Capt. Nathaniel Yearde (I594776705)
 
2906 April 1785 Court Session - "John Boyd vs Ja. Rains. Trespass. Assault & Battery (page 127) Jury: John Cox, C. Ruddle, William Crutcher, John Buchanan, Jn. Tucker, Moses Larracy, Sam' Martin, Samuel Desson, JOHN KARNEY, Wm. Gower, Mark Nobles, Ed Hogan, Ed Hickman. Wit. Francis Armstrong, Wit. Wm. Crutcher. CARNEY, Capt. John (I112680638)
 
2907 April 24, 1659, is the date Elizabetha was christened. We have no way of knowing how old a child was when christened.

Do not download or copy this information for commercial purposes. The history of my family is not for sale. If you download this file, include the notes and sources, and check back to this site for further updates, because there will be additions and corrections. 		WHITE, Elizabetha (I19797)
 
2908 April 24, 1780 Will of Mary Stewart

Memorandum of Mary Stewart's request. I desire that my daughter, Mary Stewart should have the bed and furniture left me by my husband, William Stewart in his will. (signed) Tho. Whitworth



April 24th, 1786, This day, Thomas Whitworth made oath before me that the above Memorandum or will he wrote down at her request in her last (looks like sickness?) in the house of the said Mary Stewart about three days before her death. (Signed) Christopher Ford 		WHITWORTH, Catherine Mary (I30920)
 
2909 AR & MCS do not indicate the name of Morgan's wife. JENKIN, Morgan Ap Of Langstone, Sir (I12945)
 
2910 AR states he was of Wormsley (AR doesn't say where Wormsely is, but there is one near Weobley in Herefordshire); but PA & SGM state he is of Womersley in Yorkshire. I think PA & SGM are correct. NEWMARCH, Robert Lord Of Womersley (I13071)
 
2911 Aradius (c. 377-408), Eastern Roman emperor conjointly with his father,Theodosius I, from 383 to 395, then solely til 402, when he associatedhis son Theodosius II with his own rule. Frail and ineffectual, he wasdominated by his minsters, Rufinus, Eutropius, and Anthemius. His empirewas a prey to the Goths, and his consort Eudoxia abetted the persecutionof the patriarch St. John Chrysostom. [Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1995]

From Geoffrey S. Nathan, University of California at Los Angeles:

Introduction and Early Life - The ineffectual life and reign of FlaviusArcadius are of considerably less importance than the quite significantdevelopments that occurred during his reign. Born either in 377 or 378 tothen general Theodosius and Aelia Flavia Flacilla, he and his youngerbrother, Honorius, ruled the eastern and western halves of the RomanEmpire respectively from 395.

Shortly after his birth, his father was raised to the imperial purple in379. Events in Illyricum with the massive influx of Ostrogothic andVisigothic peoples had resulted in the defeat of the Roman army and thedeath of the emperor, Valens. Theodosius' first task was to confront theVisigoths who had been ravaging the Balkans. Perhaps in the wake of thisdifficult and almost insurmountable task, the emperor wanted to insurethat his infant son would bear some legitimacy should he die on campaign.Whatever the reason, Arcadius was proclaimed Augustus in January of 383at the age of five or six. In the following year, his younger brother wasborn and it seems as if Theodosius initially had been interested inpreserving the theoretical position of his elder son. While Arcadiusenjoyed the status of Augustus, Honorius only achieved the office ofconsul posterior in 386. Perhaps the eastern emperor had wanted to avoidthe possible conflicts that arose earlier in the century with the familyof Constantine. Recent events in the west with the assassination ofGratian by Magnus Maximus may have also played a part: Theodosiusinitially had to leave the murder of his imperial colleague unavenged andleave the boy- emperor, Valentinian II, largely undefended. The profusionof emperors may well have been seen by Theodosius as kindling for civilwar. His own autocratic tendencies may have also meant that he saw onlyone possible successor for himself.

Nevertheless, Theodosius gave Arcadius very little independence in earlylife. When he went to campaign against Magnus in the late 380's, heplaced his son under the Praetorian Prefect of the East, Tatian, who wasthe de facto emperor in Theodosius' absence. This began a long series ofregencies for Arcadius. The strength of Tatian's position with theeastern governing class made the office of Praetorian Prefect all themore powerful in Constantinople, which in turn made it easier to dominatefuture emperors. When Theodosius replaced Tatian with the more malleableand more ambitious Rufinus in 392, he had appointed a minister who wouldcentralize even greater authority under the prefecture.

By 393, the emperor's situation had changed radically. When events in thewest demanded his attention again, Theodosius was in a much strongerposition. The ascendancy of the general, Arbogast, and his own puppetemperor, Eugenius, in the west provided Theodosius an opportunity and,indeed, the obligation to take full control of the Empire. The chance forhaving his own two sons ruling both halves of Rome not only seemedpractical and feasible, but such an arrangement would establish himselfas the head of a new dynasty. With thoughts in that direction, Honoriuswas made Augustus in 393 and accompanied his father west in the summer of394. Arcadius, although near his majority, was nevertheless placed againunder the guardianship (epitropos) of the Prefect of the East. In Januaryof 395, Theodosius the Great died and his two sons took theoreticalcontrol of the two halves of the Roman Empire.

Early Reign and the Dominance of Rufinus and Eutropius (395-399) -Arcadius was eighteen when he assumed the throne in the east. We do notknow whether or not he was ready for the responsibilities. During themid-380's, the young emperor had been educated in part by Themistius, afamous pagan statesman, philosopher, and speaker. In what way he affectedArcadius is impossible to say, but surely his teachings must haveincluded statecraft. Perhaps because of this influence, the new emperor'sattempt to establish himself as an independent force can be seen in aseries of laws passed at his accession. In contrast to trying to create amilitary image for himself, which would not be allowed either by Rufinusor by the eastern court, he attempted to portray himself as a piousChristian emperor. He enacted several comprehensive laws against heresyand paganism.

This was not necessarily an ineffectual strategy. By celebrating hisreligious piety, he expressed his power in the only way available to anemperor largely controlled by his ministers. He also perhaps sought togain support and power from the local governing and religious hierarchiesin Constantinople. Arcadius also perhaps thought that he was carrying onin the tradition of his father and so, by extension, might share in someof his glory. Rufinus in contrast wanted to tie himself to the emperorthrough a marriage connection to his daughter. But in April of 395,Arcadius had taken advantage of the Prefect's temporary absence to marryAelia Eudoxia, whose guardian, the general, Promotus, had been a bitterenemy of Rufinus. Arcadius had been aided in this move by his own grandchamberlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi), Eutropius, and it perhapsindicated the degree to which he wanted to be free of any regent.

But in reality, Arcadius gained little if any power. Rufinus assumed fullcontrol of the east, and the Vandal Stilicho, Theodosius' closest advisorand general, took control of Honorius in the west. The tension betweeneast and west quickly grew when Stilicho, in command of all the easternand western armies, tried to press his guardianship over Arcadius aswell. Moreover, there was considerable resentment against Rufinus in theeast for using his office to greatly enrich himself and perhaps, too,because he was a westerner. Rufinus, understanding the perils around him,acted quickly. He had Arcadius demand the return of the eastern armies atonce. Stilicho acquiesced, perhaps because the general was basing hisclaim of guardianship on his own legitimacy: to have taken control of theeast and Arcadius by force would have undermined his position there andperhaps in the west. The soldiers returned under the command of theGothic general, Gainas. With the control of the field army, it seemed asif Rufinus was going to be more thoroughly in control of the east andover Arcadius.

He did not long enjoy his victory. When Arcadius and Rufinus came togreet the armies at Hebdoman near Constantinople in November of 395, thesoldiers turned on the Praetorian Prefect and cut him down in front ofthe emperor. Whether Stilicho instigated the assassination is a matter ofsome debate, but if he did, he received no benefit from it. The armiesremained and Arcadius soon fell under the sway of other ministers.Nevertheless, despite the shock and fear Arcadius may have felt atwitnessing such a brutal murder, he probably missed Rufinus' presence notat all and even thought it might provide an opportunity to assert his ownauthority. For the bureaucracy, the death meant that maintaining civiliancontrol over the army was paramount to their own survival.

Soon thereafter, Eutropius assumed Rufinus' place in dominating Arcadius.Since the grand chamberlain could control access to the emperor andcommanded the powerful palace bureaucracy, he was well-placed to dictatewhat and whom the emperor saw and heard. Military officers--frequentlyGermanic--who dominated the western government, were held suspect byfearful and jealous civil administrators in Constantinople. Eutropiusused that fear to his advantage and froze out any access they may havehad to the circles of power. His decision to effectively eliminate themilitary's input in decision-making would eventually lead to his demise.

It is difficult to determine how popular Eutropius was either withArcadius or with the wider population. As a eunuch and a former slave,the sources generally portray him very negatively. He nevertheless seemsto have enjoyed some support from the emperor, likely aided by Eudoxiawith whom the grand chamberlain had close ties. The emperor happily tookannual vacations in Galatia, apparently upon the Eutropius' suggestion.Moreover, the chamberlain showed great personal courage and talent inleading a campaign against invading Huns in 397/8, for which he won theconsulship and the rank of patrician in the following year of 399. Healso seems to have gained considerable support from the local clergy byprocuring the patriarchate of Constantinople in 398 for John Chrysostom.

Despite Eutropius' rise to power, however, eastern policy changed little.The religious policies of Theodosius and Arcadius continued, includingthe forced closure of pagan temples in Gaza. More significantly, tensionbetween the two halves of the empire persisted as Stilicho continued topress for his position as guardian. Although Stilicho led periodic raidsinto Greece and Thrace to attack the new Visigothic king, Alaric, hisvictories were incomplete and were more likely meant to keep the Germanicpeople out of western territory. This meant, among other things, that theVisigoths were an enduring problem for the east. Eutropius in turnsupported the revolt of the Count Gildo in Africa, which was underwestern control, in an attempt to destabilize Stilicho's control andfurther eastern domains.

The failure of the revolt in 398 was the first step in Eutropius'downfall. The decision to exclude the military men of the period,particularly among the growing importance of Germanic officers, created adangerous situation. By 399, the dissatisfaction with east-west affairsand the Gildo fiasco resulted in a revolt by the Gothic count, Tribigild.He was apparently in collusion with Gainas, who had taken advantage ofthe crisis to be named chief general in the east (magister utriusquemilitiae). Gainas quickly reached an agreement with the rebel and part ofthe settlement was the dismissal of Eutropius, to which Arcadius--atEudoxia's urging--agreed. The chamberlain took refuge in the HagiaSophia, and was exiled to Cyprus. But shortly thereafter, in the autumnof 399, Eutropius was recalled, tried and executed in Chalcedon.

The Age of Eudoxia (400-404)- The death of Eutropius precipitated aserious crisis. Gainas, who had wanted high office for years, now triedto force the hand of Arcadius. Having come to a quick resolution withTribigild, he moved from Thrace towards Constantinople in 400. With theGermanic troops supporting him, Gainas tried for six months to initiatehis own primacy-- including seizing the imperial palace--but whichfailed. He was forced to withdraw personally from the city to regroup andplanned to use his troops remaining there to seize the entire city. Butthey were slaughtered by the inhabitiants and he fled first to Thrace andthen to Asia. Eventually Gainas was killed by the Huns later in thatyear. His attempted coup ensured that Germanic officers would never againbe trusted by the eastern government and would forever be kept out of anyimportant decision-making roles.

The likely successor to Eutropius had been the anti-Germanic leader,Aurelianus, who had succeeded to the Prefecture of the East in 399. ButGainas had exiled him, having forced Arcadius to hand him over, andalthough Aurelianus returned triumphantly after Gainas' departure, heappears to have lost his hold over the emperor. In the meantime, AeliaEudoxia had done much to forward her own place in the government. InJanuary of 400, she had been named Augusta, a singular distinctionoffered to only three other women in the previous century. Her positionthus gained a semi-official legitimacy afforded to very few Romanempresses. It has been assumed that because of her beauty, herintelligence, and her fecundity (she bore Arcadius five children), shewas able to assert her influence to a point where she was the new powerbehind the throne.

That assessment, while held by many scholars, is not entirely accurate.While there were several events in which she played a crucial part, theywere not terribly important moments during Arcadius' reign. But becauseEudoxia was enormously wealthy, because she delivered a male heir in 401,and because she was involved in a highly publicized and drawn outpolitical fight with John Chrysostom, this belief that there was anassumption of power is based more on the notoriety of her acts than onactual control. The fact that there was no one clearly dominating thegovernment nor the emperor during this time implies perhaps that Arcadiushad more power during these five years of his reign than at any othertime.

There are several indications that he did try to improve and assert hisown position. The emperor and his court immediately came to someunderstanding with the west. The east at the very least gave Honorius andStilicho moral support in their increasing problems with Alaric. In 402,the feeling of goodwill was sealed by a joint consulship between Arcadiusand his brother. The emperor also sought to establish his own militaryprowess and Christian piety with the erection of a column set up in theHippodrome of Constantinople in 402/3. The column depicted his militaryvictory over Gainas, crowned with a capital emblazoned with the Greekletters chi-rho, symbolizing his devotion to Christ. Arcadius' son,Theodosius II, was born in 401, and was quickly made Augustus at the ageof eight months. The eastern ruler was thus interested in assuring hisown dynasty.

In all these things, the emperor was largely successful, but they werelargely overshadowed by the feud between his empress and the bishop ofConstantinople. Eudoxia had already shown herself able in pushing herinterests during the baptism of her son. The Bishop of Constantinople,however, was a much tougher opponent than her husband. John Chrysostom, astrong believer in social justice, had boorishly attacked Eudoxia andmany of her friends for the conspicuous luxury in which they lived anddisplayed themselves. At the height of these attacks, John compared theempress to Jezebel. Eudoxia in turn used her considerable influence toinflame hostility among the clergy against the bishop. Working throughBishop Theophilus of Alexandria, in 403 Chrysostom was deposed and forcedinto exile at a Church council convened by the emperor (the Synod of theOak at Chalcedon). However, there was soon such turmoil and uproar in theimperial city that the bishop was recalled a few days later. But thepublic feuding between Eudoxia and Chrysostom continued until at last shehad him banished again in 404, this time permanently. Among other things,it caused a breach between Arcadius and his brother, who had, with PopeInnocent I, tried to support Chrysostom.

Eudoxia's victory was short-lived, however. In October of 404, theAugusta died of a miscarriage. Her death was seen by some as retributionfor dismissing John. Whatever the reason, her end also signaled acomplete retreat into the background by the emperor and no furtherinitiatives seem to have been pushed by the 27-year-old Augustus.

The Final Years: Anthemius and Death (404-408)- The last years ofArcadius' reign were completely dominated by his Praetorian Prefect ofthe East, Anthemius. It was perhaps fitting that when the emperor seemsto have been most retiring, the most able and energetic of his highministers came to power. Anthemius worked hard to solve a series ofgovernmental abuses, continue to push for Christianization, and securethe east from attack.

Anthemius first seems to have tried to reconcile with the west, so muchso that there was a joint consulship between Anthemius and Stilicho in405. This might have also been meant to symbolize the Prefect's newdominance, however. Additionally, a number of new laws were passed,curtailing paganism, Judaism and heresy. He tried to make use of thecontinuing problem of incoming Germanic peoples to combat the Isauriantribes which had been plaguing Asia Minor since 403. While it failed tohalt either group's incursions, it was nevertheless a practical andintelligent strategy. As a means of protecting the imperial capital,Anthemius also strengthened the walls around Constantinople. Our recordsfor the last years of Arcadius' rule are quite spotty, but the emperorhimself seems to have completely vanished, even symbolically, from thepolitical scene.

In May of 408, Flavius Arcadius died at the age of 31 of unknown causes.Our only physical description of Arcadius is heavily influenced by thegenerally low regard in which he was held. The emperor was supposedlyshort, thin and dark-complected. A more kindly correspondent describedhim as good-natured and temperate. His son succeeded him without anycontroversy and the government remained unchanged. Arcadius thus left theworld much as he entered it: without much significance and overshadowedby more powerful forces.

Assessment - Despite the ineffectual nature of Arcadius and his rule, anumber of significant changes occurred during his stewardship of theeastern empire. His inability to forcefully or at least effectivelygovern meant that there were few consistent or long-range goals of hisadministration. With the exception of trying to emphasize the emperor'spiety, an important development in the history of the Byzantine monarchy,Arcadius and his ministers were for the most part simply reacting toevents.

The emperor became an even more remote figure to the general public. Evenin the capital city itself, he was rarely seen: we read in one accountthat people came running to see the emperor for the first time when hehappened to be praying in a local church. A series of "orientalizing"court practices no doubt continued in order to emphasize the symbolicseparation of the emperor from the rest of society. The hieratic, almostsemi- divine nature of the imperial person, also became a feature of theeastern ruler.

Perhaps of greatest importance was the political and cultural splitbetween east and west. With the death of Theodosius, the two halves ofthe Roman Empire increasingly went their separate ways. For the mostpart, the west was thrown back upon its own resources, unable to dealwith the problems of the fifth century. The east proved more compact andmore resilient: it largely weathered the political storms from withoutand within.

Moreover, Constantinople fully became the imperial capital of the east, aRoma nova. The emperor rarely left the city and the palace officialsbecame more influential than many of the more theoretically importantministers outside the city. Constantinople was also made anarchepiscopate and Chrysostom and others started to push strongly for itsprimacy in the east. Both public and private building projects beautifiedand enlarged the city. Under Arcadius' reign, it truly became the secondcity of the Roman Empire.

Finally, the hard stance against Germanic officers in Roman governmentbecame a central feature in the east. While the reasons for thisdevelopment were inspired largely out of fear and perhaps racism, theeastern Roman Empire did manage to avoid the largely detrimentalsuccession of Germanic generalissimos who controlled the west in thefifth century. It also encouraged the eastern rulers in the followingcentury to take hard lines against other peoples, including theIsaurians, the Huns and the Persians. Taken in all, the era of Arcadiuswas far more important than Arcadius himself. He perhaps had his father'spretensions, but none of the skills or powers necessary to leave his markon the Empire.

Sources and Bibliography -
There are a number of sources that treat the age of Arcadius. Thehistorians Zosimus (New History), Socrates (Ecclesiastical History) andSozomon (Ecclesiastical History) offer the most complete accounts.Additionally, Bishop Synesius of Cyrene in letters and other works (Onthe Kingship and On Providence) specifically addresses a number of theproblems and issues going on in Constantinople and the imperial court atthat time. The letters and homilies of John Chrysostom are also ofenormous value and tell us more about the social history of the capitalthan any other source. Minor accounts include the Chronicon Paschale andthe Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes. Several important saints' lives,including the Life of Porphyry, provide valuable information about eventsoutside the capital. Finally, for the military and political organizationof the Roman Empire, the Notitia Dignitatum offers a static look at theearly fifth century.

Cameron, Alan, and Long, Jacqueline (1993) Barbarians and Politics at theCourt of Arcadius (Berkeley).
Demougeot, Emilienne (1951), De l'unité‚ … la division de l'empireromain, 395-410: Essai sur la government impérial (Paris).
Holum, Kenneth (1982), Theodosian Empresses (Berkeley).
Jones, A.H.M. et al. (1970), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. 1 (Cambridge).
Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1991), Barbarians and Bishops. Army, Church, andState in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford).
Martindale, J.R. (1980), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire,vol. 2 (Cambridge).
Seeck, Otto (1896), "Arcadius," in RE, v. 2 (Berlin), 1137-53.
Van Ommeslaeghe, F. (1979) "Jean Chrysostome en conflit avecl'impératrice Eudoxie," Analecta Bollandiana 97, 131-59.

Copyright (C) 1998, Geoffrey S. Nathan. This file may be copied on thecondition that the entire contents, including the header and thiscopyright notice, remain intact. 		Arcadius I (Emperor Of The Eastern Roman Empire - 395-408) (I27165)
 
2912 Archbishop of Rouen NORMANDY, Robert Count Of Evereaux Of (I10794)
 
2913 Archevêque (Archbishop) de Rouen ROUEN, Mauger Archevêque De (I10812)
 
2914 Archibald Douglas, 2nd. Lord of Douglas, a Scottish Nobleman
The earliest attestation of his existence is in a charter of confirmation dated prior to 1198. This charter of Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow, granted the rights of a toft in Glasgow to Melrose Abbey. Archibald's name appears between that of Alan, High Steward of Scotland and Robert de Montgomery. Also before 1198, Archibald appears in another document, again before 1198, in which he resigns the lands of Hailes held by him of the Abbey of Dunfermline, to Robert of Restalrig. Between 1214 and 1226, Archibald acquired the use of the lands of Hermiston and Livingston, with Maol Choluim I, Earl of Fife as his feudal superior. Archibald of Douglas must have been knighted before 1226 as he appears in another charter of Melrose Abbey as 'Dominus de Douglas' witnessing William Purves of Mospennoc granting the Monks of Melrose rights to pass through his lands. Another witness is Andrew, Archibald's knight which highlights his influential position. Archibald de Douglas appears as a signatory to several royal charters following 1226, and he appears to have spent a considerable time in Moray as episcopal charters of his brother Bricius de Douglas show. He was in the retinue of the King Alexander II, at Selkirk, in 1238 when the title Earl of Lennox was regranted to Maol Domhnaich of Lennox. Douglas disappears from historical record after 1239 and it is presumed that he died about this time.
source: Wikipedia 		DOUGLAS, Archibald (I28985)
 
2915 Archibald Douglas, Earl of Douglas and Wigtown, Lord of Galloway, Douglas and Bothwell (c. 1330 – c. 24 December 1400), called Archibald the Grim or Black Archibald, was a late medieval Scottish nobleman. Archibald was the bastard son of Sir James "the Black" Douglas, Robert I's trusted lieutenant, and an unknown mother. A first cousin of William 1st Earl of Douglas, he inherited the earldom of Douglas and its entailed estates as the third earl following the death without legitimate issue of James 2nd Earl of Douglas at the Battle of Otterburn.

Gave land to Robert Rutherford of Chatto and Jean Douglas. See, https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95747959#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=51&xywh=548%2C1912%2C1879%2C1392 		DOUGLAS, Earl Archibald "The Grim" (I594767660)
 
2916 Archibald was the Duke of Touraine, Earl of Wigtown, Lord of Annandale, Lord of Galloway, Lord of Bothwell and the 13th Lord of Douglas. He was thus a Scottish nobleman and warlord. At times Archibald was given the nickname of Tyneman, which in the old Scottish language means loser. This may have been in reference to his great uncle Sir Archibald Douglas as well.

The Early Years
Archibald was the illegitimate son of Archibald Douglas and Joanna de Moravia of

threave-castle

Threave Castle


Bothwell. He was either born at Threave Castle or Bothwell Castle. Until Archibald's accession he was known as Master of Douglas. In 1390, when he was twenty years old he married Princess Margaret of Carrick. Margaret was the daughter of King Robert III of Scotland. It was at about this time that his father had bestowed upon him regalities of Ettrick Forest, Lauderdale and Romannobridge and Peeblesshire. Then on June 4, 1400 at the age of thirty, the King of Scotland, Robert, had appointed Archibald the keeper of Edinburgh Castle for the remainder of his life, with a pension of two hundred marks a year.

bothwell-castle

Bothwell Castle


Renewal of Percy vs. Douglas
In 1400, at Candlemas, the Earl of March, George I, and Henry 'Hotspur' Percy had entered Scotland lying waste as far as Papple in East Lothian. The villages of Traprain, Markle and Hailes were burned to the ground and two unsuccessful attempts were made at Hailes Castle. Now the Master of Douglas, who had also held the office of Lord Warden of the Marches, surprised them by night at their camp near East Linton and would then defeat the English Force. Archibald had managed to chase his enemy as far as Berwick upon Tweed, slaughtering any stragglers in the woods close to Cockburnspath.

The Siege of Edinburgh
Later on that year, in summer, Archibald would be made second in command to David Stewart, the Duke of Rothesay who was Lieutenant of the Kingdom, during the siege of Edinburgh Castle by Henry IV. Henry would be unsuccessful in his endeavors. With Owain Glyndwr's rebellion gathering in Wales he would become the last English monarch that would ever invade Scotland in person.

Archibald's father died later on that year at Christmas. Before his passing, he held vast lordships that stretched from Galloway, Douglasdale, Moray, and Clydesdale to the shires of Stirling and Selkirk. He also was lord over the forfeited lands of the Earl of Dunbar in Lothian and the Merse.

Two years later, Archibald's brother-in-law and heir to the throne, David Stewart, the Duke of Rothesay, was held captive. He was first held at Bishop's Palace at St. Andrews, then at the Royal Palace of Falkland. While here, Duke David would pass away on the 27th of March. It has been alleged that he had died under mysterious circumstances. He was only twenty-four and had been in good health prior to his passing. Rumors were started saying that he David had been starved to death in the Falkland's pit prison. Prince David was also arrested under a warrant that had been issued in the name of his father, by his uncle, Robert Stewart, the Duke of Albany, and Douglas. Both Albany and Douglas were rumored to have been the authors of any foul play that was suspected. This can be shown by the fact that both of the men were summoned to appear before Parliament.

On the 16th of March both of the men were acquitted when Parliament had passed an act that stated that the Prince had "departed this life through Divine Providence, and not otherwise". This would clear both of the men from High Treason and any other crime. Any of the king's subjects were strictly forbid to make the slightest imputation on their fame. This action could be considered to be a whitewash, as the Kingdom of Scotland couldn't afford to lose its two most powerful men due to the renewed English hostility. Archibald and Albany were considered to be the only fit antidote to the traitor Earl of March and his English allies.

Homildon Hill
On the 22nd of June 1402, a small Scottish force would be beaten by George Dunbar, the Earl of March's son, at the Battle of Nesbit Moor. Archibald would lead a raid with Murdoch of Fife, Albany's son, as far as Newcastle to avenge this battle. At the head of 10,000 men, Archibald, and his men would lay waste to all of Northumberland.

George Dunbar would persuade Henry Percy, the 1st Earl of Northumberland, and his son Harry "Hotspur" Percy to lie in wait for the returning Scots at Wooler. Once Archibald's men had made their camp at Millfield, which was relatively low ground, the English would rush them. The Scots, however, had keen sentries and the army was able to retreat to the higher ground of Homildon Hill.

bendorstonehomildon

Homildon Hill memorial marker today


At Homildon Hill they organized themselves in the traditional Schiltron formations. Archibald didn't learn any lessons from his great uncle's Battle at Halidon Hill seventy years before. The Schiltrons had presented a large target for the English long bowmen, and the formations began to break. A hundred men, under Sir John Swinton of the Swintons of that Ilk, had decided to charge the enemy saying "Better to die in the mellay than be shot down like deer". All would die.

schiltron-formation-ex-braveheart

Schiltron Formation represented in the movie Braveheart


It has been suggested that Archibald had hesitated to signal the advance of his main force, but when he did, it was too little too late. Archibald's mauled army would meet with the, as yet unbloodied, English men at arms and were routed. Many of his leading captains would be captured, including his kinsman George Douglas, the 1st Earl of Angus, Thomas Dunbar, the 5th Earl of Moray, and Murdoch of Fife. Archibald himself would be captured as well, after he was wounded five times, including the lose of his eye.

If the Percys and other English knights had thought that they had gained great immediate riches from their ransoms, they were to be disappointed. They would receive a message from King Henry congratulating them for their victory but forbidding the release of any of their prisoners.

In 1403, Henry Hotspur was in an open rebellion against the king and joined his kinsman, Thomas Percy, the Earl of Worcester, while Owain Glyndwry was undertaking a campaign against the English rule in Wales. Hotspur would set free his Scottish captives and Archibald, with his co-prisoners, decided to fight alongside their former captors. In the chivalric spirit of the time, Archibald marched with his former enemy, Hotspur, and his forces to meet with King Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury. The result of this battle of a decisive Royalist victory. Henry Hotspur would be killed by an arrow through his mouth. Archibald was, yet again, captured. This time he would suffer from a loss of a testicle, after he had fought gallantly on the field and personally had killed Edmund Stafford, the 5th Earl of Stafford and Sir Walter Blount.

Prisoner of King Henry
Archibald was now a captive of King Henry IV. The cost for the ransom of the Scot nobles that were taken at Homildon would prove to be difficult for the impoverished Scottish exchequer. When Prince James of Scotland was also captured while en route to France by some English pirates in 1406, the position would seem to be impossible.

The aged King Robert III would die of his grief not long after. The Kingdom of the Scots was now in the hands of the Duke of Albany de jure, as well as de facto.

king-henry-iv-of-england

King Henry IV


After giving an oath on the Holy Scripture to King Henry to be his man above all others, except for King James, and on the production of suitable hostages for his parole, Archibald was allowed to return to his estates to carry out his private affairs. He would agree, again under oath, to return to captivity in England on an appointed day.

At Easter, Archibald went north and hadn't returned on his aforesaid day. King Henry wrote to his regent, Albany, complaining of this "un-knightly" behavior and had warned him that, unless Archibald would return the other hostages would be dealt with at his pleasure. Archibald still did not return. After a payment of 700 merks in 1413 to the King of England, Henry V, the hostages were released.

Political Machinations
In 1412, Archibald would go to Flanders and then to France. After he had arrived in Paris he would start negotiations with John 'The Fearless', Duke of Burgundy. They would end up agreeing to a mutual defense and offense pact in their respective countries.

Archibald had also resumed his duties as the Lord Warden of the Marches not long after returning to Scotland. While at the border he had free reign to defend it and to keep the peace. However, it appears that Albany wasn't prepared to do this. Archibald would recover his costs from his customs fees on all trade goods that were entering the country.

Then in 1416, while King James was still a hostage in England, Archibald had visited London twice to enter negotiations for his release. While he was there the Lollard faction, during Henry V's absence in France, had tried to persuade the Scottish delegates to go on an offensive. Albany decided this to be the opportune moment to reclaim Berwick-upon-Tweed. He gathered an army to take it and then despatched Archibald to Roxburgh Castle, which was also held by the English.

When the Scots had learned of the huge army that was led by King Henry's brother, John of Lancaster, the 1st Duke of Bedford, and Thomas Beaufort, the Duke of Exeter, they decided to retreat. Following their devastation in Teviotdale and Liddesdale, and the burning of the towns of Selkirk, Jedburgh and Hawick, the raid was known as the "Foul Raid".

The Great Scottish Army
Archibald's son, the Earl of Wigtoun, were fighting in France along with his son-in-law, Buchan, They were able to inflict a heavy defeat over the English at the Battle of Bauge in 1421. 		DOUGLAS, Archibald 4th Earl of Douglas (I594767655)
 
2917 Archives of NJ vol XXIII page 104, XXI page 215, and XXX page 558 WOODBRIDGE William died 1694 will probate middleton CO Heirs paid quit rent 174 acres 1696 William of Ipswich left Mass about 1666 because of persecution and with numerous other settlers settled in Woodbridge, Middlesex. CO NJ with John Dunn, Charles GIlman, Francis Drake, Nicholas Bonham,, John Smith, Samuel Doty, William Sutten, Benjamin Dunham, etc. from Barnstable, Ipswich, Nwebery and Dover in the Piscataway region of Mass.

There also is a WIlliam of Monmouth Co NJ who is distinct- he was alive 1696 paid quit rent 250 acres.
The settlers of Monmouth in general were from Long Island, bt ca 1670 William of Gravesend Long Island 1657 and
WIlliam granted patent 1645 by Judge Keith to Ladt Deborah Moody and WIlliam Compton.. (See vol 16 NY Gen Records)

Comptonology page 28 has these together 		COMPTON, William Weilleum (I10108)
 
2918 Ard-Righ (High­King) of Eireann (Ireland) BORU, King Brian Of Ireland (I10488)
 
2919 Ardenne, France VERDUN, Gottfried I (Geoffrey) "Prisoner" Count (I28615)
 
2920 Are Conyers and Mark twins?

Do not download or copy this information for commercial purposes. The history of my family is not for sale. If you download this file, include the notes and sources, and check back to this site for further updates, because there will be additions and corrections. 		WHITE, Mark (I19785)
 
2921 Aregund was one of Chlotar's many wives, and the mother of his sonChilperic, who succeeded him in Soissons. Her husband's previous wife wasIngund, her sister. Saint Radegunda (Aregonde) Von Thuringen (I8592)
 
2922 Arhur Carney Sr. and Arthur Carney Jr. owned land in east Florida/Mississippi near each other at same time his son is recorded, thus the evidence of name.

This Arthur Carney/Kearney, who probably entered the country from Ireland around 1731, arriving in all probability in either eastern Florida (later state of Mississippi), or colonial Georgia. First port of call may have been Savanna, Charleston where it is documented many other Irish-Scots arrived as Soldier Farmers of the French, such as Lachlan McGillivray who joined his clan in the Indian Trade.

Some evidence points to Arthur Carney/Kearney being a Flax Linen Spinner/Trader from Northern Ireland who took up Trading in the new land, and some evidence points to his coming in as an Irish-Scott brigade soldier/farmer given land and passage by the French Military in exchange for service, and may indeed be the same former Flax Spinner. We do not know if this was a trader or soldier for certain.

No firm details are known as to his birth or death dates and are projections only.

In 1717, The Irish (later termed Scotch-Irish in 1970's), begin deserting Ireland in great numbers, following 100 years of leasing land with oppressive rents by absentee Anglo landlords and a crumbling linen trade, famine and droughts. The Presbyterians who predominated the Irish were disadvantaged by the Penal laws of the Church of England, but were just a likely to become Methodists and Baptists upon settlement in America. It is estimated over 200,000 Ulster Irish-Scotts relocated to America, followed by more when the potato famines later occurred. Most of the earlier settlers found their independent and clan ways were unwelcome in Boston, Philadelphia, etc (unlike the potato famine refugees in later years), and found themselves traveling to the backwoods of America and the Appalachian region, settled almost exclusively by these Irish. The typical migration involved small networks of related families/clans that settled together, intermarried and avoided outsiders. After many years of English oppression in Ireland, these Irish were ardent patriots of their new land America.

Additional Sources: Over 500 pages of Notes, Records and Files at the Carney DNA Project Jim Carney www.avocadoridge.com/carney March 2010 		KEARNEY, Arthur Carney (I112681164)
 
2923 Arian Christian (Arianism) ROMAN EMPIRE, Ricimer General Of The (I8696)
 
2924 Arianism VISIGOTHS, Theodoric II "The Brave" King Of The (I9773)
 
2925 Armand Taillefer, who according to historians struck the first blow on the field of Senlac ( The Battle Of Hastings ).In a book called Borlase of Borlase written by William Copland Borlase MP in 1888 the author has included a pedigree of the Counts of Angouleme starting from Wulgrin, Count of Perigord and Angouleme who married Rogerlinde, daughter of Bernard, Duke of Toulouse. TAILLEFER, Armand Manzer (I25614)
 
2926 ARNOUL de Flandre, son of BAUDOUIN III Joint Count of Flanders & his wife Mathilde [Billung] of Saxony ([961/62]-30 Mar 987, bur Gent). The Annales Elnonenses Minores record that "Arnulfus, filius Balduini ex Matilde"[165] succeeded his grandfather in 964 as ARNOUL II “le Jeune” Count of Flanders, under the guardianship of his father's first cousin Baudouin Baldzo [de Boulogne] who made himself Comte de Courtrai. Taking advantage of the weakness of the county during Count Arnoul's minority, [his uncle] Dirk II Count of [Holland] captured Gent and Waas, and Lothaire King of the West Franks occupied the south-east of the county, ostensibly in the role of protector of the young count[166]. To counter the perceived threat from France, Emperor Otto II established marches on the right bank of the river Schelde, from Valenciennes in the south to Antwerp in the north[167]. "Godefridi comitis, Ingelberti advocati, Arnulfi junioris marchysi…" signed the charter dated 11 Apr 969 under which "Theodericus comes" donated "sui iuris possessionem…Frilingim in pago Flandrensi" to Saint-Pierre de Gand[168]. "Arnulfus…marchysus" confirmed the possession of "Harnas…in pago Seirbiu" to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 31 Jan 972, signed by "Theoderici comitis…Arnulfi Bononiensis comitis, Engelberti advocati…"[169]. "Arnulfi…junioris marchysi, Herimanni comitis filiis Godefridi comitis, Wiggeri, Ingelberti advocati…" signed the charter dated [21 Jan] 974 under which "Godefridus comes et uxor sua Mathildis" donated "regium fiscum Holinium…in pago Tornacensi…et…Ramelgeis ecclesia…" to Saint-Pierre de Gand[170]. "Arnulfo juniore marchyso…" signed the charter dated 2 Oct 974 under which "Theodericus comes et uxor sua Hildegardis" donated "in villa Haleftra in pago Mempesco sita" to Saint-Pierre de Gand[171]. Arnoul's majority was declared in 976. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 989 of "Arnulfus marchysus, nepos magni Arnulfii"[172].
m ([968][173]) as her first husband, ROZALA [Suzanne] di Ivrea, daughter of BERENGARIO II ex-King of Italy [Ivrea] & his wife Willa of Tuscany-Arles ([950/960]-13 Dec 1003 or 7 Feb 1004, bur Gent, St Pieter). Regino records that two of the daughters (unnamed) of ex-King Berengario were brought up in the imperial palace by the empress after being brought to Germany[174]. One of these two daughters was presumably Rozala, bearing in mind that the emperor arranged her marriage. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "filiam Berengeri regis Langobardorum, Ruzelam quæ et Susanna" as wife of Comte Arnoul[175]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores record the marriage [undated between 950 and 968] of "Arnulfus iunior" and "filiam Beregeri regis Susannam"[176]. Her marriage was presumably arranged by Emperor Otto to increase his influence in Flanders at a time when Lothaire IV King of the West Franks was asserting his own control over the county. According to Nicholas, Count Arnoul II married Rozala di Ivrea when he reached the age of majority in 976[177], but the source on which this is based has not been identified. "Baldwinus marchysus cum matre sua Susanna" donated "villam Aflingehem…jacentem in pago Tornacinse" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, after the death of "Arnulfi marchysi", by charter dated 1 Apr 988, signed by "…Waldberto advocato, Theoderico comite, Arnulfo comite, Artoldo comite, Baldwino comite, item Arnulfo comite…"[178]. She married secondly (988 before 1 Apr[179], repudiated [991/92]) as his first wife, Robert Associate-King of France, who succeeded his father in 996 as Robert II King of France. The Vita Sancti Bertulfi names "Rozala filia…Berengarii Regis Italiæ", specifying that "post mortem Arnulfi [Balduini filius] principis, Roberto Regi Francorum nupsit et Susanna dicta"[180]. Kerrebrouck, presumably basing his supposition on this passage from the Vita Sancti Bertulfi, says that she adopted the name Suzanne on her second marriage[181], but the sources quoted above show that she was referred to by this name earlier. Hugues "Capet" King of France arranged her second marriage to his son and heir, apparently as a reward for Flemish help when he seized power in 987[182]. She was given Montreuil-sur-Mer by the county of Flanders as her dowry on her second marriage. Richer records that King Robert repudiated his wife "Susannam…genere Italicam eo quod anus esset" but refused to allow her to retake her castle at Montreuil, whereupon she constructed another nearby[183]. She returned to Flanders after she was repudiated by her second husband, and became one of the principal advisers of her son Count Baldwin IV. France retained Montreuil-sur-Mer. "Susanna regina cum filio suo Baldwino" donated "alodem suum…Atingehem…et in Testereph" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for the soul of "filie sue Mathildis", by charter dated 26 Jun 995[184]. "Susanna regina…cum filio suo Baldwino" donated "alodem suum…in pago Flandrensi…in Holtawa…in Fresnere…in Clemeskirca…in Jatbeka…in Sclefteta…" to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 1 Jun 1003[185]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores records the death in 1003 of "Susanna regina"[186]. The Memorial of "regina Susanna" records her death "VII Feb"[187].
Count Arnoul II & his wife had two children:
1. MATHILDE de Flandre (-24 Jul, 995 or before). "Susanna regina cum filio suo Baldwino" donated "alodem suum…Atingehem…et in Testereph" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for the soul of "filie sue Mathildis", by charter dated 26 Jun 995[188]. It is not known whether Mathilde was older or younger than her brother Baudouin but the estimated birth date range of their mother suggests that Baudouin may have been her younger child. The Memorial of "Mathildis filia…Arnulfi viri" records her death "IX Kal Aug"[189].
2. BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([980]-30 May 1035). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Balduinum Barbatum" as son of "Arnulfus…et…Ruzelam quæ et Susanna"[190]. He succeeded his father in 987 as BAUDOUIN IV "le Barbu/Pulchrae Barbae" Count of Flanders, presumably under a regency considering his youth although the name of the regent has not yet been identified. Hugues Capet King of France recognised Baudouin's claim to all of Flanders, including the part previously taken by King Lothaire, and also arranged Baudouin´s mother's second marriage to the king´s son and heir, apparently as a reward for Flemish help when he seized power in 987[191]. "Baldwinus marchysus cum matre sua Susanna" donated "villam Aflingehem…jacentem in pago Tornacinse" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, after the death of "Arnulfi marchysi", by charter dated 1 Apr 988, signed by "…Waldberto advocato, Theoderico comite, Arnulfo comite, Artoldo comite, Baldwino comite, item Arnulfo comite…"[192]. After Count Baudouin's mother returned to Flanders following her repudiation, France retained Montreuil-sur-Mer, which provoked Flanders into joining a rebellion against King Hugues. The result was the return of Artois and Ostrevant to Flanders, although Ponthieu remained with France[193]. Count Baudouin established control over the northern part of the Ternois, including Thérouanne, Fauquembergues and Saint-Omer, which were previously under the suzerainty of the county of Boulogne[194]. "Susanna regina…cum filio suo Baldwino" donated "alodem suum…in pago Flandrensi…in Holtawa…in Fresnere…in Clemeskirca…in Jatbeka…in Sclefteta…" to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 1 Jun 1003[195]. Baudouin captured the march of Valenciennes from Germany in 1006, but lost it in the following year when King Heinrich II invaded Flanders and captured Gent. Count Baudouin subsequently arranged an alliance with the German king who, in 1012, helped him install a new bishop of Cambrai, and enfeoffed him with the islands of Zeeland and, in 1015, with Valenciennes. Emperor Heinrich II, however, invaded Flanders again in 1020, supported this time by Robert King of France[196]. Count Baudouin arranged the betrothal of his son to the French king's daughter to help restore good relations[197]. His son rebelled against Baudouin after 1028. Count Baudouin was forced to take refuge in Normandy, where he married the duke's daughter and from where he returned to Flanders with reinforcements. His son submitted, but his father permitted him to rule jointly[198]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1035 of "Balduinus, gloriosus marchisus"[199]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores record the death in 1035 of "Balduinus comes filius Susannæ"[200]. m firstly ([1012]) OGIVE de Luxembourg, daughter of FRIEDRICH Graf im Moselgau Vogt von Stablo [Wigeriche] & his wife --- heiress of Gleiberg [Konradiner] (-21 Feb or 9 Mar 1030, bur Gent St Peter). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "filiam Gisleberti comitis Odgivam" as wife of "Balduinum Barbatum"[201], the marriage presumably being arranged by Emperor Heinrich II as part of the alliance negotiated in 1012. Ogive is shown as daughter of Graf Friedrich in Europäische Stammtafeln[202]. There is no reference to Friedrich's older brother Gislebert having married and had children. The chronology does not favour Ogive being the daughter of Giselbert, son of Friedrich. It is therefore assumed that the reference to "Gisleberti comitis" is an error, although the primary source has not yet been identified which confirms that Friedrich was Ogive's father. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1030 of "Odgiva comitissa"[203]. The Memorial of "Odgiva…Balduino domino" records her death "IX Mar"[204]. m secondly ([after 1030]) [ELEONORE] de Normandie, daughter of RICHARD II Duke of Normandy & his first wife Judith de Rennes [Brittany]. The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana refers to "filiam secundi Ricardi ducis Normannorum" as wife of "Balduinum Barbatum" after the death of Ogive[205]. The Annalista Saxo states that the mother of Judith was "cognatione beati Ethmundi regis", without naming her or giving a more precise origin[206]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Duke Richard and his wife Judith had three daughters, of whom the second (unnamed) married "Baudouin de Flandre"[207]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Count Baudouin IV & his first wife had one child:
a) BAUDOUIN de Flandre ([1012/13]-Lille 1 Sep 1067, bur Lille St Pierre). The Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana names "Balduinum Insulanum" son of "Balduinum Barbatum [et] Odgivam"[208]. He succeeded his father in 1035 as BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders.
- see below.
Count Baudouin IV & his second wife had one child:
b) JUDITH de Flandre ([1033]-[5] Mar 1094, bur St Martin Monastery). The Annalista Saxo names "Iudhita…amita Rodberti comitis de Flandria ex cognatione beati Ethmundi regis" as husband of "Haroldi" (in error for Tostig) but correctly names her second husband "Welphus filius Azzonis marchionis Italorum"[209]. The Genealogia Welforum names "filiam comitis Flandrie, reginam Anglie, Iuditam nomine" as wife of Welf[210]. Florence of Worcester says that Judith was "daughter of Baldwin Count of Flanders" but does not specify which Count Baldwin, nor is this clear from the context[211]. According to the Vita Ædwardi Regis, Judith was the sister of Count Baudouin V[212]. On the other hand, Alberic de Trois Fontaines asserts that Judith was one of the children of Baudouin V Count of Flanders and his wife Adela de France[213], but there are other clear errors in Alberic's listing of this couple's children so the statement should be viewed with caution. Judith is also listed as the daughter of Count Baudouin V (after Mathilde) in a manuscript whose attribution to Orderic Vitalis is disputed, which also shows her first marriage[214]. The date of her first marriage is confirmed by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which records that "earl Godwine" fled after the Council of 9 Sep 1051 "with Tostig and his wife who was a kinswoman of Baldwin of Bruges"[215]. Judith moved to Denmark after her first husband was killed. "Dux Gewelfo eiusque…uxor Iudita" donated property to Kloster Weingarten, with the consent of "filiorum suorum Gwelfonis et Heinrici", dated 12 Mar 1094[216]. The Chronicon of Bernold records the death "1094 IV Non Mar" of "Iuditha uxor ducis Welfonis Baioariæ" and her burial "apud monasterium…Sancti Martini" built by her husband[217]. The necrology of Raitenbuch records the death "III Non Mar" of "Iudinta regina Anglie, filia marchionis de Este uxor Welfonis nostri fundatoris"[218], exaggerating her status resulting from her first marriage and confusing her paternity. The necrology of Weingarten records the death "III Non Mar" of "Judita dux regina Anglie"[219], also exaggerating her status resulting from her first marriage. m firstly (before Sep 1051) TOSTIG Godwinson, son of GODWIN Earl of Wessex & his wife Gytha of Denmark ([1025/30]-killed in battle Stamford Bridge 25 Sep 1066). He was created Earl of Northumbria in 1055[220]. m secondly ([1071]) as his second wife, WELF I Duke of Bavaria [Este], son of ALBERTO AZZO II Marchese d'Este & his first wife Kunigunde von Altdorf [Este] ([1030/40]-Paphos Cyprus 9 Nov 1101, bur Cyprus, removed to Weingarten, near Lake Constance). 		Arnulf II "The Young" Count Of Flanders (I25441)
 
2927 ARNOUL I 918-964, BAUDOUIN III (d 962)

ARNOUL de Flandre, son of BAUDOUIN II "le Chauve" Count of Flanders & his wife Ælfthryth of Wessex ([885/890]-murdered 27 Mar 964, bur Gent, St Pieter). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Arnulfum, fratrem eius Adelulfum" as the two sons of "Balduinus"[103]. "Arnulfus" is named as son of Count Baudouin II in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin, which specifies that he succeeded his father in 918 as ARNOUL I "le Grand" Count of Flanders[104]. "Elstrudis comitissa…cum filiis suis Arnulfo et Adelolfo" donated "hereditatem suam Liefsham…in terra Anglorum in Cantia" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for the soul of "senioris sui Baldwini", by charter dated 11 Sep 918[105]. Count Arnoul I was responsible for a major expansion of Flemish territory to the south. He and his brother joined the expedition of Raoul King of the Franks against the Normans in 925 and captured Eu. Count Arnoul inflicted a heavy defeat on the Normans in 926. In 932, he seized the abbey of St Vaast, as well as Douai in Ostrevant. In 933, after his brother's death, he seized Boulonnais and Ternois and disinherited his nephews. Count Arnoul made an alliance with Héribert II Comte de Vermandois in 934, which was sealed by his marriage to the latter's daughter[106]. Responding to raids by Guillaume Comte [de Normandie], Count Arnoul invaded Ponthieu and in 939 captured Montreuil from Herluin Comte de Ponthieu, although the county was later recaptured by Comte Guillaume's forces. "Arnulfus…regis…marchysus" restored property to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 8 Jul 941, signed by "…Baldwini filii Arnulfi marchysi, Isaac comitis, Arnulfi filii eius, Theoderici comitis, Wenemari advocati…"[107]. After agreeing to meet Count Guillaume in 942 in order to settle the dispute over Montreuil, Guillaume was murdered, presumably at Count Arnoul's instigation[108]. Count Arnoul was secure in his possession of Montreuil by 949[109]. "Arnulfus Flandrie comes et marchisus" granted use of property "Snellenghem in pago Flandrensi" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for "uxore mea…Adala atque…filio meo Balduino et filia mea Lietgardis" and for deceased "Balduino genitore meo et Elstrudis genetrice mea atque Heeberto filio meo", and returned "in pago Hainau super fluvio Savo villam…Dulciaca", by charter dated 10 Jul 953[110]. After the death of his son in 962, Count Arnoul was obliged to cede Artois, Ostrevant, Ponthieu and Amiens to Lothaire King of the West Franks in order to ensure the latter's support for the succession of Count Arnoul's infant grandson to the county of Flanders[111]. "Arnulfus marchysus" donated property to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 5 May 962, signed by "…Baldwini advocati, Theoderici comitis…"[112]. "Arnulfus…comes" donated "villam Canlin" to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 17 Jun 962, signed by "…Balduini advocati…"[113]. An undated charter, dated to [962], records the last wishes of "marchysi Arnulfi", noting that "pater meus et mater mea" were buried in the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[114]. Comte Arnoul was allegedly murdered by Heluin in revenge for the murder of Guillaume I Comte [de Normandie]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death "VI Kal Apr 964" of "Magnus Arnulfus, restaurator huius Blandiniensis coenobii"[115]. A charter dated 2 Jul 964 records the donation by "bone memorie Arnulfus marchysus" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, signed by "Odgaudi qui susceptor traditionis fuit…Ingelberti advocati…"[116].
[m firstly ---. Both Rösch[117] and Europäische Stammtafeln[118] state that Count Arnoul had another wife before marrying Adela de Vermandois. No evidence has been found concerning this supposed first marriage. However, as discussed below, the estimated birth date of Arnoul´s supposed daughter Hildegard, as well as his own advanced age when he married Adela de Vermandois, both suggest an earlier marriage. Although logic points to such a first marriage, doubt remains. The genealogical traces of this family are well marked in numerous contemporary sources. It is difficult to imagine that all such sources would have ignored an earlier marriage of Comte Arnoul, who was such a prominent figure in his day.]
m [secondly] (934) ADELA de Vermandois, daughter of HERIBERT [II] Comte de Vermandois [Carolingian] & his wife Adela [Capet] ([915]-[Bruges 10 Oct] 960, bur Gent, St Pieter). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names "Adelam, domni Heriberti comitis filiam" as wife of "comes Arnulfus", specifying that she was "duorum Francorum regum, Odonis atque Rotberti, neptem"[119]. "Adala coniunx Arnulfi" is named in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[120]. The Annales Elnonenses Minores record the marriage [undated between 931 and 949] of "Arnulfus" and "Adelam, filiam Heriberti Vermandorum comitis"[121]. Her marriage was arranged to seal the alliance made in 934 between her father and her future husband[122]. "Arnulfus Flandrie comes et marchisus" granted use of property "Snellenghem in pago Flandrensi" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for "uxore mea…Adala atque…filio meo Balduino et filia mea Lietgardis" and for deceased "Balduino genitore meo et Elstrudis genetrice mea atque Heeberto filio meo", by charter dated 10 Jul 953[123]. "Adhela comitissa" freed two serfs and granted them to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand, for the soul of "fidelis nostri Amalrici", by charter dated 8 Sep 954, signed by "Balduini comitis…Odacri advocati"[124]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 960 of "Adala comitissa"[125].
Count Arnoul I & his [first] wife had one child:
1. [HILDEGARD ([before 933]-10 Apr 990, bur Egmond). The Annales Egmundani name "Hildegardis comitissa" as wife of "Theodericus comes secundus [Hollandensium]" but do not give her origin[126]. The wife of Count Dirk II was the daughter of Count Arnoul according to Rösch, but the author cites no primary source in support of this assertion[127]. Hildegard's naming her two sons Arnulf and Egbert suggests that the affiliation may be correct. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[128], Hildegard was the daughter of Count Arnoul by Adela de Vermandois and was born in [934]. This appears difficult to sustain chronologically if Hildegard's first son was born in [950], although it is not impossible. Assuming that her sister Liutgard was born in 935, there is little time for the birth of an earlier daughter after Count Arnoul's marriage in 934, assuming also that the latter date is correct. This suggests that, if Hildegard was the daughter of Count Arnoul, she was born from an earlier otherwise unrecorded marriage. An alternative parentage is suggested by the Chronologia Johannes de Beke which records that Count Dirk II married "Hildegardim (ut creditor) filiam Ludovici regis Francie"[129]. This is chronologically impossible, assuming that the birth date of Arnoul Count of Holland is correctly estimated as shown in the document HOLLAND. Hildegard daughter of Louis III King of France would have been too old for the marriage and any daughter of Louis IV King of France would have been too young. It is also unlikely that the wife of Count Dirk II was a daughter of Charles III "le Simple" King of France, the birth dates of whose daughters are estimated to [908/16]. There therefore seems no possibility that the Chronologia could even be partially correct in assigning this possible Carolingian French origin to Dirk's wife, although it is curious how this origin came to be included in the source. "Theodericus comes et uxor sua Hildegardis" are named in a charter dated Oct [967/79][130]. "Theoderici et Hildegardis" subscribed a charter dated 30 Sep 975, before "Arnulfi filii eorum [Theoderici et Hildegardis]"[131]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the death "III Id Apr" of "Hildegardis…sua conthoralis" and her burial at Egmond monastery[132]. The Chronologia Johannes de Beke records the death "III Id Apr" of "Hildegardis…sua conthoralis" and her burial at Egmond monastery[133]. Beke's Egmondsch Necrologium records the death "IV Id Apr" of "Hildegardis uxor [Theoderici 2 comitis] filia Ludovici regis Francie"[134]. Europäische Stammtafeln shows 990 as Hildegarde´s year of death[135], but the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. m ([945/50]) DIRK II Count Holland, son of DIRK I Count of Holland & his wife Geva --- ([930]-Egmond 6 May 988, bur Egmond).]
Count Arnoul I & his [second] wife had four children:
2. LIUTGARD de Flandre ([935]-962, before 18 Oct). Boer and Cordfunke refer to a 938 meeting, between Count Dirk I, Count Meginhard of Hamaland, and Count Arnulf I of Flanders and his wife Adela, to arrange the betrothals of Hildegard of Flanders and Count Dirk II (son of Count Dirk I), and of her sister Liutgard and Wichmann of Hamaland (son of Count Meginhard)[136]. The meeting is alleged to be recorded in the Verbrüderungsbuch der Abtei Reichenau, but no trace of this has been found in the copy consulted[137]. "Arnulfus Flandrie comes et marchisus" granted use of property "Snellenghem in pago Flandrensi" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for "uxore mea…Adala atque…filio meo Balduino et filia mea Lietgardis" and for deceased "Balduino genitore meo et Elstrudis genetrice mea atque Heeberto filio meo", by charter dated 10 Jul 953[138]. This document suggests that Liutgard was not married at the time. "Wicmannus…comes" donated "mei juris villam Thesla" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for the soul of "coniugis mee defuncte Lietgardis", by charter dated 18 Oct 962, signed by "comitis Arnulfi patris supradicte Lietgardis comitisse, Theoderici comitis…"[139]. The Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon records the donation dated 962 by "Wicmannus comes…pro remedio anima coniugis mea Lietgardis…Arnulphi marchisi Flandrie patris" of "villam Thessela…Desselbergine" to "monasterio Sancti Petri in Blandino"[140]. The Annales Blandinienses record the deaths in 962 of "Baldwinus, filius Arnulfi marchisi, et soror eius Liutgardis"[141]. m ([after 10 Jul 953]) WICHMANN [V] Graaf van Hamaland, son of --- [Billung] & his wife Gerberga --- ([930]-after 27 Sep 979).
3. BAUDOUIN de Flandres ([935/40]-Abbey of St Bertin 1 Jan 962). His parentage is specified in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[142]. "…Baldwini filii Arnulfi marchysi…" signed the charter dated 8 Jul 941 under which "Arnulfus…regis…marchysus" restored property to Saint-Pierre de Gand[143]. "Arnulfus Flandrie comes et marchisus" granted use of property "Snellenghem in pago Flandrensi" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for "uxore mea…Adala atque…filio meo Balduino et filia mea Lietgardis" and for deceased "Balduino genitore meo et Elstrudis genetrice mea atque Heeberto filio meo", by charter dated 10 Jul 953[144]. He ruled with his father from 958[145] as BAUDOUIN III joint Count of Flanders and Artois, his father granting him the administration of the south of the county[146]. A charter dated to 20 Jan [958/61] records the peace settlement agreed by "Baulduin…Marquis" between the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand and the avoués of Douchy, although this document is unlikely to be contemporary in the form shown in the compilation as it is written in old French[147]. The Annales Blandinienses record the deaths in 962 of "Baldwinus, filius Arnulfi marchisi, et soror eius Liutgardis"[148]. The Annales Egmundani record the death in 962 of "Baldwinus filius Arnulfi marchisi Flandrensium"[149]. m ([951/59]) as her first husband, MECHTILD of Saxony, daughter of HERMANN Billung Duke in Saxony & his [first/second] wife [Oda ---/Hildesuit ---] ([942]-Gent 25 May 1008, bur Gent St Peter). "Mathilda Saxonici generic" is named as wife of Count Baudouin in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin[150]. The Annalista Saxo names (in order) "Bennonis ducis, qui et Bernhardus et Liudigeri comitis et Machtildis comitisse" as brothers and sister of "domna Suanehildis [filia] Herimanni ducis de Liuniburh", recording the names of Mechtild's two husbands[151]. The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names "Mathildis, filiam principis Herimanni" as wife of "Balduinum [filius comitis Arnulfi]", specifying that it was hoped the couple would have many children[152]. This suggests that their marriage date may have been some years earlier than 961 considering that the Genealogia was supposedly compiled in [951/59], probably during the earlier part of this date range considering which children of Louis IV King of the West Franks are named in the document[153]. Mechtild married secondly ([963]) Godefroi Comte de Verdun [Wigeriche] (-3/4 Sep after 995, bur Gent St Peter). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Mathildis comitissa Saxonie" as wife of "Godefridi Ardennensis"[154]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 1008 of "Mathildis comitissa"[155]. The necrology of Lüneburg records the death "25 May" of "Mattild com"[156]. Baudouin III & his wife had one child:
a) ARNOUL de Flandre ([961/62]-30 Mar 987, bur Gent). The Annales Elnonenses Minores record "Arnulfus, filius Balduini ex Matilde"[157] succeeding his grandfather in 964 as ARNOUL II “le Jeune” Count of Flanders.
- see below.
Baudouin III had one possible illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:
b) [ALBERIC [Albert] ([960/62]-1018). The Gesta Episcoporum Camerancensium name "Azelinus, de Truncinis villa, Balduini Flandrensium comitis de concubina filius", specifying that he was later appointed Bishop of Paris, in the passage recording the succession of "Erluinus" as Bishop of Cambrai (in 995)[158]. Bishop of Paris 1016-1018. According to the Dictionnaire de Biographie Française[159], "Albert" was provost at Tronchiennes 951-977 but this is chronologically impossible assuming that the entry refers to the same person. If the information about his paternity is correct, Baudouin III is the only count of that name in Flanders who could have been Alberic/Albert´s father. Another possibility is that the chronicle was in error and that he was the illegitimate half-brother of Baudouin IV Count of Flanders, who was count at the time the text was written but who would have been too young to have been Alberic's father.]
4. EGBERT de Flandre (-before 10 Jul 953). "Arnulfus Flandrie comes et marchisus" granted use of property "Snellenghem in pago Flandrensi" to Saint-Pierre de Gand, for "uxore mea…Adala atque…filio meo Balduino et filia mea Lietgardis" and for deceased "Balduino genitore meo et Elstrudis genetrice mea atque Heeberto filio meo", by charter dated 10 Jul 953[160]. Egbert´s absence from the charter dated 8 Jul 941, under which "Arnulfus…regis…marchysus" restored property to Saint-Pierre de Gand, signed by "…Baldwini filii Arnulfi marchysi…"[161], suggests that he must have been a younger son.
5. ELSTRUDE de Flandre (-966[162] or after). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names "comes Balduinus sororem…Elstrudem" as wife of "Sifridus"[163]. According to the Chronica Monasterii Sancti Bertini, the couple were never married[164]. m ([960/65]) SIEGFRIED Comte de Guines, son of --- (-[965]). 		Arnulf I Count Of Flanders (I25458)
 
2928 Arnulf (Arnoul, Arnold) of Metz B (RM)

Died 640. Arnulf was a courtier of the Austrasian King Theodebert II, a valiant warrior, and a valued adviser. He married the noble Doda (the marriage of his son Ansegisel to Begga, daughter of Blessed Pepin of Landen, produced the Carolingian line of kings of France).
Arnulf desired to become a monk at L?rins. However, when his wife took the veil and Arnulf was at the point of entering L?rins, he was appointed bishop of Metz about 610. He played a prominent role in affairs of state, was one of those instrumental in making Clotaire of Neustria king of Austrasia, and was chief counselor to Dagobert, son of King Clotaire, when the king appointed him king of Austrasia.

About 626, Arnulf resigned his see and retired to a hermitage near the abbey of Remiremont (Benedictines, Delaney, Encyclopedia).

In art, Saint Arnulf is portrayed as a bishop with a coat of mail under his cope. He may also be shown (1) with a fish having a ring in its mouth; (2) blessing a burning castle; or (3) washing the feet of the poor (Roeder). He is venerated at Remiremont. Like Saint Antony, Arnulf is invoked to find lost articles. He is also the patron saint of music, millers, and brewers (Roeder).


Relationship to Pepin "Of Landen":

Pepin and Bishop Arnulf of Metz aided King Clotaire II of Neustria in overthrowing Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia in 613. In recognition of the important roles they played, Clotaire appointed them mayors of the palace to rule Austrasia for Clotaire's son Dagobert I from 623. When Pepin rebuked Dagobert (who had succeeded his father about 629) for his licentious life, Dagobert discharged him and he retired to Aquitaine. Dagobert still respected him enough to appoint him tutor of his three-year-old son Sigebert before his death in 638, and Pepin returned and ruled the kingdom until his own death the following year.

Pepin worked to spread the faith throughout the kingdom, defended Christian towns from Slavic invaders, and chose responsible men to fill vacant sees. The marriage of his daughter, Begga, and Bishop Arnulf's son, Segislius, produced Pepin of Herstal, the first of the Carolingian dynasty in France. 		METZ, Arnold (St. Arnulf) Bishop Of (I9495)
 
2929 Arque, Normandie, France DE CREPON, Woerta (Wevia) (I24323)
 
2930 Arranged the appointment of St. Leodegar (St. Leger) as Bishop of Autun in thanks for his services to the court ANGLIA, Balthild (Saint Bathildis) Of (I9530)
 
2931 Arrested at age 33 by Santa Rosa Police for theft from a motor vehicle. OSBOURNE, Alexander Wallace (I594779763)
 
2932 Arriv 1894 according to 1900 Census, her only and last.

Son Emil Herman Schwartz birth certificate conflicts: father August Schwartz and mother Caroline Rothenwaldt. Unk if maiden or previous marriage.

Name      Carolina Schwartz     
Birth      Aug 1824 Germany     
Marriage      1850     
Residence      1900 Chicago Ward 34, Cook, Illinois, USA     
Arrival      1894

Living with daughter Alvina Schultz in 1900 in Chicago.

The Preußisch Stargard district was a Prussian district that existed from 1772 to 1920 with varying borders. It was in the part of West Prussia that fell to Poland after World War I through the Treaty of Versailles in 1920. Its county seat was Preußisch Stargard. From 1939 to 1945 the district was re-established in German-occupied Poland as part of the newly established Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Today the territory of the district is located in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Name      Carolina Schwartz [Carolina Schultz]
Age      75
Birth Date      Aug 1824
Birthplace      Germany
Home in 1900      Chicago Ward 34, Cook, Illinois
Ward of City      34
Street      Fulton Avenue
House Number      E 13
Sheet Number      20
Number of Dwelling in Order of Visitation      166
Family Number      262
Race      White
Gender      Female
Immigration Year      1894
Relation to Head of House      Grandmother
Marital Status      Married
Marriage Year      1850
Years Married      50
Father's Birthplace      Germany
Mother's Birthplace      Germany
Mother: number of living children      4
Mother: How many children      11
Years in US      6
Can Read      N
Can Write      N
Can Speak English      N
Neighbors     
Household Members (Name)      Age      Relationship
Carl Schultz
     61      Head
Malvina Schultz
     34      Wife
Aurelia Schultz
     14      Daughter
Frederick Schultz
     12      Son
Herman Schultz
     9      Son
Lena Schultz
     6      Daughter
Luma Schultz
     4      Daughter
Elsa Schultz
     2/12      Daughter
Carolina Schwartz      75      Grandmother [mother-in-law] 		KEPT, Carolina Kepp (I29927)
 
2933 Arriv US 1905

Occupation: Carpenter

Custom Event
Marriage Registration23 January 1902 Hungary

Custom Event
Military Draft Registration from 1917 to 1918 Chicago, Cook, Illinois, United States

Michael Oswald, beloved husband of the late Aloisia Rich Oswald; loving father of Louise Hagrle, Theresa Fittante, Frieda Drobitsch, Michael Oswald Jr., Mary Bartnowski, Joseph Oswald, Pauline Danek, Elsie Alexander, Anne Engeriser, John Oswald, and the late Robert Oswald; dear grandfather of 22; great-grandfather of 22. Funeral Thursday, 8:45 a.m., from funeral home, 79th st. at Loomis blvd., to St. Theodore's church. Interment St. Mary's cemetery. Member of First Elsenburger Sick Benefit society. 		OSWALD, Mihály "Michael" Edward (I594777613)
 
2934 Arrival 1890 in US> census 1900 UNGER ERDMAN, Ida (I594787808)
 
2935 Arrival in U.S. at age 27, in 1868. ROHLOFF, Johann Christian Friedrich (I20503)
 
2936 Arrival US 1881 per census of 1900 ERDMAN, Andrew (I594787807)
 
2937 Arrived 16 July 1884 in Baltimore, then Kansas. GUSTKE, Johann Gottlieb Güschke (I20195)
 
2938 Arrived 16 July 1884 in Kansas LANDAHL, Anna Magdalene Christiane Friederike (I20196)
 
2939 Arrived 1635 according to Passenger List Index COLDHAM, PETER WILSON. The Complete Book of Emigrants.

Francis Speight was born in 1614 in England. His parentage is unknown. He is our immigrant ancestor coming to America in 1635 at the age of twenty-one. Almost all Speight's in America (except the family of North Carolina Governor Richard Dobbs Speight whose line died out when his son went childless) descend from Francis Speight. He sailed from Gravesend, England aboard the ship, "Thomas and John", captained by Richard Lambard. Before the ship left the English port, a minister would have certificated that the Virginia bound passengers conformed to doctrine and practices of The Church of England, followed by an oath of allegiance to King James I.

It is anyone's guess as to what Francis might have been thinking and feeling the day he boarded the ship for America. He was leaving kin and friends. Sailing to America in the early 1600s was anything but a pleasant voyage. They usually did not leave on schedule because they had to wait for a favorable wind and a rising tide to get under way. This was before they had a steam-tug to pull the ship out to sea. The ships were crowded, cold, drafty, and damp. Passengers would have squeezed into any available space not taken up by the crew, cargo, baggage, and farm animals. The ships were never designed for passengers. Crossing the Atlantic was always a dreadful passage with most of the passengers getting sick. There was also the possibility that the ship would not make the voyage. Although the sailing vessels were well constructed and made of sturdy material, they were no matches for the fierce storms of the Atlantic. If the ship made the voyage one out of five passengers died en route. Living conditions were deplorable. The passengers ate poorly. They would have cooked a communal meal in a large cast iron pot. When the sea was rough, meals could not be cooked because of the danger of fire aboard the ship. For days they would eat raw food. Francis would have packed necessities for insuring his survival in the New World in a sea trunk.

He arrived at Jamestown, Virginia on June 16, 1635 after two and half months at sea with one hundred and three other passengers. Just twenty-eight years after the founding of Jamestown. Jamestown was commonly regarded as the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States. Francis was among fifteen people indentured to Puritan leader William Eyres for seven years working on Chuckatuck Creek Plantation in what is now Suffolk, Virginia.. Indentured servants worked out their loans for passage money to America (known as a temporary white slave). If you were an indentured servant it was not the person, but the work of the servant that was owned by the master. That was a large different than a black slave being owned by their master. In the 1600s three-quarters of all English colonists served as indentured servants. Half of them died before their service was completed. One quarter remained poor afterward and the other quarter achieved a degree of prosperity. As a whole, women fared somewhat better than men. A female servant who had completed her service could easily find a husband. Francis was the first and only indentured servant of the Speight Family and the first one to have indentured servants working for him.

After his seven-year term as an indentured slave, on May 23, 1642 Francis received fifty acres of wilderness land from Mr. Eyres in Indian Branch (now Lake Prince in Suffolk, Virginia). This meant that Francis had saved enough money for the legal fees, tools, seed, and livestock needed to become a planter (which then meant farmer). Indian Branch was an important waterway. Flat bottom boats transported hogsheads of tobacco to market. Francis married in 1642 shortly after his land was deeded to him. Francis' first priority would have been building shelter and digging a well for his family. The family house would have been a thatched roof hut. Its roof was made by bundling reeds from a nearby swamp. "Cottages" had an end-hooded chimney and a hard packed dirt floor. In the English tradition they were called cottages not cabins or huts. In the spring of 1643 the Speights were blessed with their first child, John. In 1644 the Opechancanough Indians attempted to run the colonists from their land, killing almost five hundred colonists, but the population had grown too large for them to succeed.

After eight years at Indian Branch, Francis and his family moved eight miles south through wilderness to land located on Old Major's Creek and Mill Creek, which was later named Speights Run, which made up the head waters of the Nansemond River. The journey would have been a tedious, tiresome, and dangerous one. There were no roads, dangerous Indians. Again Francis' first priority would have been to build shelter and to dig a well for his family. In 1650 Francis Speight and James Arrorke jointing patented fifty acres on the north side of Speights Run. In 1653 Francis and his wife had their second child, William. In 1654 at the age of forty, Francis, his wife, and two sons made their final move to a three hundred acre tobacco farm in Sunbury, North Carolina. This land was located on higher ground bordering a stream (present day Raynor Swamp) that connects with Bennett's Creek, which flows into the Chowan River. Locating near the waterway was necessary for transporting the half-ton tobacco packed hogsheads. For the third time Francis would have to build shelter for his family. One of the reasons for moving would have been to obtain fresh land as tobacco quickly depleted the soil.

Life for Francis and his family was not easy. They had to be strong. Routine tasks of plowing, planting, tool sharpening, baking, mending, washing clothes, grinding corn, milking cows, butchering meat, brewing beer (water was usually contaminated), and other backbreaking efforts required to keep a Virginia plantation together. Raising tobacco was a very labor-intensive job (picking suckers, worms, and insects from the tobacco plants). The fields were cleared and barns built. From sunup to sundown, each family member worked at tasks necessary to survive. Later in 1654 Francis acquired six indentured servants. This group consisted of five males, Abraham Standford, James Prouce, Alexander Dunbarr, John Jackson, Thomas Lightoll and one female, Mary Wells. With the arrival of help, work began on a large house. Mrs. Speight and Mary Wells would have had their hands full feeding eight adults and two children plus all the other daily tasks.

Francis still owned the land at Speights Run and in 1664 he gave that land to his oldest son, John who would be known as "John of Speights Run". Since the land had been left uncultivated for ten years it was ready once again for growing tobacco.

By 1682 Francis was a widower and closed his house at Sunbury. He went north and patented five hundred acres of land on Somerton Creek (now Pittmantown), Virginia where he lived until his death. At this location he had ten indentured servants, Eliza White, John Harris, Walter Price, William Booker, Hum Green, Edward Harris, Richard Catach, Jane Catach, Thomas, Frost, and Richard Jones. This was the largest and last piece of land owned by Francis. In the winter of 1684 Francis died at the age of seventy. The burial place of Francis is unknown. He could be buried in Pittmantown, the place he spent his last two years or more likely he was taken back to Sunbury where he would be laid to rest beside his beloved wife on their plantation. 		SPEIGHT, Francis (I29761)
 
2940 Arrived at Philadelphia Sept 26, 1737 on the ship "Saint Andrew Galley" with his father and two brothers.

Johannes Daniel Weller was born on August 11, 1677, in Girkhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the child of Johann Jakob and Anna Margaretha. He married Anna Maria Spiessen on November 26, 1705, in Arnsberg, Bavaria, Germany. They had one child during their marriage. He died on November 29, 1761, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, having lived a long life of 84 years.

Johannes Daniel Weller was born on August 11, 1677, in Girkhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to Anna Margaretha Strackbein, age 24, and Johann Jakob Weller, age 23. 		WELLER, Johannes Daniel (I594765707)
 
2941 Arrived from Hamburg 8 May 1950 in New York, on the ship Washington. WEHOFER, Rudolf (I594776885)
 
2942 Arrived from Hamburg 8 May 1950 in New York, on the ship Washington. HORVATH, Josefine (I594776956)
 
2943 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. WEHOFER, Olga Helene (I594776957)
 
2944 Arrived NJ on The Henry and Francis. Twin Eupheme prob died young. per Gen rec of Dorothy Ruth Davisson, Lost Creek WV. Notes of Dorothy Edna Davidson, PO Box 178, Farmland IN 47340, NJ Marriage Records 1669-1800, p. 103. The Gen Mag of NJ, 1/1983, V.58 No. 1, Whole N. 208, pp 7-9. IGI NJ. per Omar Davison 2645 Cypress Ave, Stockton CA 95207. b. abt 1665/1670. m. bef 1699 to William Davison. per Kevin Fleming OLIPHANT, Margaret (I28935)
 
2945 Arrived on Ship " Harle" September 01, 1736: Daniel Nargang. age 20. Plus Johan Peter Nargang, age 33; Andreas Narrgang, age 37, Catharina Nargangin, age 23, and Anna Maria Nargangin, age 23. The women's names have the German feminine ending. In most cases, the correct name will be obtained by dropping the "in" ending. At the courthouse of Philadelphia, September 1st, 1736. One hundred fifty one Foreigners, makeing in all three hundred eighty eight Persons, were imported here in the Ship Harle, of London, Ralph Harle, Master, from Rotterdam, but last from Cowes, as by Clearance thence, were this day qualified as usual. "From the minutes of the Provincial Council, printed in Colonial Records, Vol. IV, p. 58f. Ship "Jamaica Gallery", February 07, 1738/09: Jacob Nargang, age 28. From CD166: Child of Jacob Narregang, b. April 06, 1788, bapt Nov. 24, 1788 taken from the Tohickon Union Church, Bucks County, Pa. Elizabeth Gruber of George Peter Gruber & Anna Catharine, b. Dec. 01.1782. Sponsor is Peter Narregang & (?). Taken from Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. John Narregang of Henry Narregang & Barbara. Sponsor: None Given. Taken from the Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. (Need to find the dates?) Elizabeth Norregang of Jacob Norregang & Margaret, b. December 25, 1777. Sponsor: None Given. Taken from Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. Catharine Narrengang of Jacob Narrengang & Margaret, b. February 09, 1785, baptized March 28, 1785. Sponsors: Adam Beutelman & Catharine. Taken from Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. John Joseph Foltz of John Foltz & Anna Maria Veronica, b. May 02, 1777. Sponsor: JACOB NARREGANG 7 WIFE. Taken from the Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. LYDIA NARREGANG of Daniel Narregang & Elizabeth, b. October 12, 1774, baptized April 13, 1775. Sponsor: Frederika Sevitz. Taken from the Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. Maria Catharine Narregang of Michael Narregang & Elizabeth, b. January 31, 1757, baptized March 13, 1757. Sponsors: Catharine Rinker, wife of Christian Rinker. Taken from Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. Adam Demig of Adam Demig & Maria, b. October 09, 1793, baptized November 26, 1793. Sponsors: PETER NARREGANG & WIFE, EVA. Taken from the Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. April 04, 1794 John Narregang married to Maria Marris. Married at St. Paul's Church, Amityville, Pa. John Narragang of Michael Narragang & Elizabeth, b. March 24, 1759, baptized May 20, 1759. Sponsors: John Appel & wife. Taken from Trinity Union Lutheran Church, Bucks County, Pa. NARREGANG, Daniel (I1200)
 
2946 ARRIVED ON THE SAILING SHIP ALITHEA IN 1681

SOURCES: Title: HARGROVES-MAWDSLEY, SHIPS LIST IN BRISTOL AND AMERICA
Page: PG 174 		SLEDGE, Richard (I18922)
 
2947 Arrived USA 1913. 1930 Census confirms Robert and Anna in Chicago.

Birth/Death from gravestone Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Ill Sec B Lots 245-246 space 251 		WERNICKE, Robert Carl (I594780631)
 
2948 Arthur CARNEY had a underage son (thought to be William) and daughter Margaret Carney. Her inheritance was confirmed by a legislate act. Some of the land sold by Thomas E. LAW and his second wife fell into Glynn Co., GA
Margaret CARNEY married 10 March 1789 Thomas Elliott LAW (1766-1807) They had no children. Margaret CARNEY LAW died before 23 May 1793. Resolved, that two thirds of the estate of Arthur Carney be given up to his two orphan children, Jeremiah and Margaret, subject to the payment of a proportionate part of his debts. 		CARNEY (KEARNEY), Margaret (I112681168)
 
2949 Arthur Malet in "Notices of an English Branch of the Malet Family" gives his death date as July 9, 1502, but the Inquest Post Mortem gives it as July 9, 1501, and that date fits better with all of the other activity surrounding his death.

Father: Lord Lord Hugh MALET, b. Est 1394, Enmore, Somerset, England Find all individuals with events at this locationd. Abt 1460, Enmore, Somerset, England (Age ~ 66 years)

Mother: Joan ROYNAN, b. Est 1394, Bickfold, Compton Martyn, Somerset, England 		MALLET, Thomas Malet (I21520)
 
2950 Arthur Walkup, was a native of Ireland...The merchant's [Arthur
Walkup] father, Samuel Walkup (Wauchope) emigrated from Ireland to America,
but the son [Arthur Walkup] is said to have come over first. One account has it
that they came from Donegal; another, from the county Antrim...The original
spelling of the name was Wauchope...."

"Arthur Walkup was twice married. First to Elizabeth Lockridge, by whom he
had three children, Samuel, John, Arthur, and Rebecca...."

"John Arthur married Mary Edgar, a daughter of Thomas Edgar, one of the
original trustess of Washington Collete. He was a native of Nelson county, but
settled in Greenbrier, and afterwards in Rockbridge. he died early, leaving one
daughter, Ann Eliza, afterwards married to Dr. Feamster, of Greenbirer.
Another daughter married James Withrow, Sr. (the father of John and James Withrow),
and a third daughter married Sampson Mathews, of Pocahontas...."

"The eldest son, Samuel, married Miss Maria Todd Houston ( a sister of Rev.
S. R. Houston, of Monroe county), who had eight sons...He was at one time the
editor of a newspaper, or magazine, in Lexington, Va.; afterwards the sheriff
of Rockbridge county. In the war of 1812 he was paymaster in the army,
stationed at Norfolk, Va. After the war he bought a farm in Rockbridge, and married
Miss Houston, a lady of superior qualities, both of mind and heart. When his
eight sones began to grow up, he settled in Lexington, to be near the college.
His death occurred at 'Rural Valley,' a place belonging to his wife. It was
recorded of him, 'He lived and died a true and warm-hearted Christin. Her
was peculiarly independent, and unconcerned about what others might think of
him, hence his true caharacter was not well understood except by his most
intimate friends.' His wife survived him by more than thirty years. All of her
eight sons served in the Confederate army--Joseph as a chaplin, William [Madison
as a lieutenant, Houston as a prviate, and the others filled various
position."

"Six children were the heritage of John and Rebecca McElhenney; James
Addison, born May 13, 1809; Elizabeth Ann, born September 10, 1812; John Franklin and
Samuel Washington, born December 24, 1814; Mary Jane, born November 20, 1816;
Susan Emily, born April 15, 1819...little Mary was the first to be laid away
in the new graveyard. She did not live to see her second birthday...James
[Addison] McElhenney married early in lfie. A certain Jacob Cardoso, Principal
of the Lewisburg Academy, brought with him from the South three attractive
daughters. Cornelia, the oldest, became the wife of James...he [James Addison
McElhenney] died prematurely five years after his marriage with Miss Cardoso,
leaving one child, John McElhenney....[Elizabeth Ann McElhenney's marriage [to
Joseph L. Fry] took place on the 24th of December, 1833...Died, December 3,
1886, at Lewisburg, West Va., of penumonia, Miss Sue E. [Susan Emily] McElhenney,
youngest child of the late Rev. John McElhenney and Rebecca Walkup."

"John Franklin [McElhenney] never married. Of the grandchildren, Henry Fry
married Mss S. B. Huffnagle, of Greenbrier; and William Wirt Fry, Miss Ella A.
Ferris, of Georgia. The oldest granddaughter, Lucy C. Fry, married Henry M.
Mathews, afterwards governor of West Virginia, a son of Mason Matthews, Esq.
Another granddaughter, Susan McElhenney, married John S. Price, eldest son of
Hon. Samuel Price; and her sister, Rebecca, Heber K. Withrow, the youngest son
of James Withrow; all being residents of Greenbrier. A.J. Clarke, of
Wheeling, West Virginia, married Nannie McElhenney; Colonel George M. Edgar, of
Monroe, Rebecca Fry; J. Emmet Guy, of Staunton, Lillie F. Fry; and Captain Arch.
Graham, of Lexington, Virginia, Lizzie Fry."
Arthur Walkup, a native of Ireland

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